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Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse: Results From the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: It is important to estimate the burden of and trends for violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of children. OBJECTIVE: To provide health care professionals, policy makers, and parents with current estimates of exposure to violence, crime, and abuse across childhood and at different developmental stages. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) includes a representative sample of US telephone numbers from August 28, 2013, to April 30, 2014. Via telephone interviews, information was obtained on 4000 children 0 to 17 years old, with information about exposure to violence, crime, and abuse provided by youth 10 to 17 years old and by caregivers for children 0 to 9 years old. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Exposure to violence, crime, and abuse using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, 37.3% of youth experienced a physical assault in the study year, and 9.3% of youth experienced an assault-related injury. Two percent of girls experienced sexual assault or sexual abuse in the study year, while the rate was 4.6% for girls 14 to 17 years old. Overall, 15.2% of children and youth experienced maltreatment by a caregiver, including 5.0% who experienced physical abuse. In total, 5.8% witnessed an assault between parents. Only 2 significant rate changes could be detected compared with the last survey in 2011, namely, declines in past-year exposure to dating violence and lifetime exposure to household theft. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Children and youth are exposed to violence, abuse, and crime in varied and extensive ways, which justifies continued monitoring and prevention efforts.
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“Childhood adversities are widely prevalent and often co-occur in general populations (Kessler et al. 1997; Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as Finkelhor et al. 2015
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“7% of children are exposed to community violence at some point in their childhood (Finkelhor et al., 2015), whereas our study found a 96.”
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“Although these data were collected in the late 1990s and early 2000s, these issues have become even more relevant as both secondary exposure to violence (Finkelhor et al. 2015) and family instability (Brown, Stykes, and Manning 2016) have increased during the past two decades.”
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“Finkelhor et al. (2015) established that approximately 8% of all children (ages 2–17) in a nationally representative U.S. sample reported being exposed to a shooting in their lifetimes.”
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Self-citationAn algorithm using administrative data to measure adverse childhood experiences (ADM‐ACE)
Henkhaus, L. E., Gonzales, G., & Buntin, M. B. (2022) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13972 · Cited by 5
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Assessing and Responding to the Trauma of Child Maltreatment
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“…exposure to each binary ACE indicator in their sample with estimates of national prevalence, which provided empirical support for the recoded variables included for analysis in the present study (Afifi et al, 2011; Crouch et al, 2019; Finkelhor et al, 2015; Green et al, 2010; McLaughlin et al, 2012).”
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“…issues, capacity issues, or other unknown barriers Our findings highlight the experiences, needs, and barriers to service access for IPV survivors; however, they also provide more context to the environment in which millions of U.S. children grow up (McDonald et al., 2006; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Violence exposure, both in the home and in the community, is a public health problem with implications for youth (1-3).”
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“the United States and the United Kingdom, both of which measured a lifetime IPV exposure rate of about 25% among teenagers and young adults (10, 11).”
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“Available data reveals cultural complexities and deep systemic distrust of criminal legal institutions among black communities may lower reporting of sexual victimization (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Finkelhor & Russell, 1984).”
Jouriles, E. N., Sitton, M. J., Rosenfield, D., Lui, P. P., & McDonald, R. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241227981 · Cited by 5
“For example, they may directly experience parent–child violence or dating violence, or they may be exposed to physical violence between their parents (David-Ferdon et al., 2021; Finkelhor et al., 2015; McDonald et al., 2006; Wincentak et al., 2017).”
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“A national survey showed that a quarter of all children under the age of 18 have witnessed a physical assault between caretakers in their lifetime, with more than 6% being exposed in the past year (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“In a nationally representative sample of children from birth to age 17, 61% of children reported direct exposure to violence in the past year (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Recent epidemiological studies estimate that as many as two‐thirds of all youth in the United States will experience a traumatic event in their childhood (Finkelhor et al., 2015), leading many to characterize this alarming rate of childhood trauma as a global public health concern (Magruder et al.”
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“…segregated neighborhoods with high levels of community violence, where historical and ongoing divest-ment in communities limit access to resources and increase exposure to neighborhood structural disadvantage and violence (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Silverman et al., 2011; Sumner et al., 2015).”
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“Among children, sexual abuse is significantly more common among girls (e.g., 16.3% in girls and 6.7% in boys; Choi et al., 2017) and the highest rates are found among American Indian or Alaskan Native children and Black/African American children (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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“Between 2007 and 2018, rates of suicide among U.S. youth and young adults increased 57.4 % (Curtin, 2020), and suicide is the second leading cause of death for Americans between the ages of 10 and 34 (Curtin, 2022).”
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“While millions of children and adults are estimated to have experienced primary or secondary exposure to firearm violence (direct witness of firearm violence or the acute aftermath), there is no standardized data collection system to support surveillance of this public health problem [10-12].”
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“The most recent National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence likewise found that witnessing assaults or shootings in their communities in the past year was reported by 18.4% and 4.0%, respectively, of juvenile participants (Finkelhor et al. 2015).”
InfluentialRape Against Adolescent and Emerging Adult Females
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“In Bangladesh, research on violence has predominantly focused on violence against women and experience of sexual violence as children (Bhattacharya, 2016; Dalal et al., 2012; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
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Poverty and the Human Rights of Children and Youth through the Lenses of Psychology and Sociology
Gilles, J. K.-J., Pells, K., Morrow, V., & Ruck, M. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.007 · Cited by 5
Can We Ask Everyone? Addressing Sexual Abuse in Primary Care
Chappell, K. K., Hein, L. C., & Andrews, J. O. (2021) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.01.017 · Cited by 5
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“…on developmental victimology, which suggests that child maltreatment is just one form of victimization and that specific victimization patterns exist at different stages of development (e.g., infancy, early childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood) (Finkelhor, 2011; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
Shadik, J. A., Perkins, N. H., & Kim, R. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211051392 · Cited by 5
“…parents, interventions Despite growing evidence that physical and emotional sibling violence (SV) is a common type of family violence in the US (Finkelhor et al., 2015), it is often overlooked in the literature as conflicts between siblings are seen as common and there is no consensus…”
BackgroundResultParra-Barrera, S. M., Sánchez-Fuentes, M. D. M., Iglesias, C. F., & Pasamar, M. Á. B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910460 · Cited by 7
Siblings in the Context of Child Abuse: Where Should We Go from Here?
Katz, C., Tener, D., & Cohen, N. G. (2022) · Handbook of Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_27 · Cited by 2
Hasselle, A. J., Napier, T. R., & Howell, K. H. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106738 · Cited by 5
Hsieh, H., Scott, B. A., Stoddard, S. A., Zimmerman, M. A., Kleinsasser, M. J., & Heinze, J. E. (2023) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2023.2186419 · Cited by 5
“First, when ETV is at higher levels, the negative consequences tend to persist with added distress and vulnerability among adolescents (Finkelhor et al., 2015), making it more challenging for resiliency to occur.”
BackgroundChild physical abuse screening in a pediatric ED; Does TRAIN(ing) Help?
Heyming, T. W., Knudsen-Robbins, C., Sharma, S., Thackeray, J. D., Schomberg, J., Lara, B., Wickens, M., & Wong, D. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03927-0 · Cited by 5
Palm, A., Högberg, U., Olofsson, N., Skalkidou, A., & Danielsson, I. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516681878 · Cited by 5
“In light of the increasing evidence of co-occurrence of violence being more the norm than the exception (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Hamby & Grych, 2013; Palm et al., 2016), the current study entailed a comprehensive approach, assessing lifetime emotional, physical, sexual, and family violence…”
BackgroundInfluentialLasgaard, M., Lindekilde, N., & Bramsen, R. H. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.023 · Cited by 5
Parent- and Sibling-Directed Aggression in Children of Domestic Violence Victims
Desir, M. P., & Karatekin, C. (2018) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00219 · Cited by 5
“The National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence, a questionnaire administered to different cohorts of a large national sample of children (ages 0 to 17) over time, has estimated lifetime prevalence of physical assault by a juvenile sibling to be between 28% and 36% (Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, & Hamby, 2005; Fin…”
BackgroundChild Maltreatment: Physical, Emotional and Sexual Abuse of Children and Child Neglect
Frieze, I. H., Newhill, C. E., & Fusco, R. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42608-8_6 · Cited by 5
de Moraes, C. L., dos Santos, É. B., Reichenheim, M. E., Taquette, S. R., Stochero, L., & Marques, E. S. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211005132 · Cited by 5
The Australian Psychological Society’s Apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People
Dudgeon, P., Carey, T. A., Hammond, S., Hirvonen, T., Kyrios, M., Roufeil, L., & Smith, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.038 · Cited by 5
Multilayer network associations between the exposome and childhood brain developmentPreprint
Simpson-Kent, I. L., Gataviņš, M. M., Tooley, U. A., Boroshok, A. L., McDermott, C. L., Park, A. T., Reyes, L. M. D., Bathelt, J., Tisdall, M. D., & Mackey, A. P. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563611 · Cited by 6
“Neighborhood environments differ in income inequality, violence, and pollution, with consequences for children’s health and learning (Finkelhor et al., 2015; Manduca and Sampson, 2019; Spilsbury et al., 2006; Wodtke et al., 2022).”
BackgroundNeighborhood Firearm Violence, Psychosocial Risks, and Youth Firearm Perception
Min, J., Tam, V. W., Mayne, S. L., Krass, P., & Fein, J. A. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.107741 · Cited by 4
Jang, H., Sutin, A. R., & Kim, J. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02909-0 · Cited by 4
Sexual and Physical Assault Before Age 18 and Young Adults’ Perception of Unfair Treatment
Butler, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520985481 · Cited by 8
“Results from the 2013–2014 National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence indicate that 22.4% of youth age 14 to 17 had been physically assaulted resulting in injury and 10.2% had been sexually assaulted (Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlto, M. E., Warmingham, J. M., Handley, E. D., Manly, J. T., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2022) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595211050303 · Cited by 4
“trauma, maltreatment, family relationships, traumatic stress, depression Among adolescent girls with depressive symptoms, those living in low-income contexts face a high risk of exposure to trauma (Evans, 2004; Finkelhor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialBender, A. E., Holmes, M. R., Cheng, J. S.-C., Perzynski, A. T., Voith, L. A., Prince, D. M., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Berg, K. A. (2024) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241247712 · Cited by 4
Characteristics of preschool-age children who engage in problematic sexual behaviors with siblings
Barton, N., Henson, C., Lopez, K., Lambert, E. J. H., Simmons, J., Taylor, E., & Silovsky, J. F. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107008 · Cited by 4
Hernández, J. G., López, M. G., Carlo, G., & Manzano-Sánchez, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1426900 · Cited by 4
Discordant patterns and adulthood consequences of childhood maltreatment and foster care placement
Eiermann, M., Baker, G., & Wildeman, C. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf077 · Cited by 4
Stewards of Children: A Qualitative Study of Organization and Community Impact
Todahl, J. L., Schnabler, S., Barkhurst, P. D., Ratliff, M., Cook, K., Franz, D. J., Schwartz, S., Shen, F., & Trevino, S. D. (2021) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2021.1885547 · Cited by 4
Mattison, R. E., Benner, G. J., & Kumm, S. (2021) · Educational Considerations · doi:10.4148/0146-9282.2239 · Cited by 4
Savell, S. M., Womack, S. R., Wilson, M. N., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Shaw, D. S. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01575-8 · Cited by 4
“…to violence, referred to as witnessing violence in the present paper, are highest among adolescents, and are primarily experienced in the community (Finkelhor et al., 2015), which likely reflects the greater These authors contributed equally: Shannon M. Savell, Sean R. Womack * Shannon M. Savell…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe overlap between trauma & disruptive behavior disorders
Menand, E. V., & Cox, L. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818954-2.00033-x · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Sewanee: The University of the South (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-08-01
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 746
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- OpenAlex
- W1840653868
- Cited by
- 1,264
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 86.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- childhood exposure to violence, child abuse, physical assault, sexual assault, dating violence, witnessing domestic violence, prevalence trends, Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, child and adolescent health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Crime, Female, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Offenses, United States, Violence, Domestic Violence
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