Exercises for mechanical neck disorders

Gross, Anita; Kay, Theresa M; Paquin, Jean-Philippe; Blanchette, Samuel; Lalonde, Patrick; Christie, Trevor; Dupont, Genevieve; Graham, Nadine; Burnie, Stephen J; Gelley, Geoff; Goldsmith, Charles H; Forget, Mario; Hoving, Jan L; Brønfort, Gert; Santaguida, Pasqualina L; Cervical Overview Group

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004250.pub5

Cited by 613Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationMyofascial pain diagnosis and treatmentTemporomandibular Joint Disorders

Exercises for mechanical neck disorders

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Gross, Anita, Kay, Theresa M, Paquin, Jean-Philippe, Blanchette, Samuel, Lalonde, Patrick, Christie, Trevor, Dupont, Genevieve, Graham, Nadine +8 more·2015·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd004250.pub5PMC PMC9508492

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Neck pain is common, disabling and costly. Exercise is one treatment approach. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of exercises to improve pain, disability, function, patient satisfaction, quality of life and global perceived effect in adults with neck pain. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, MANTIS, ClinicalTrials.gov and three other computerized databases up to between January and May 2014 plus additional sources (reference checking, citation searching, contact with authors). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single therapeutic exercise with a control for adults suffering from neck pain with or without cervicogenic headache or radiculopathy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently conducted trial selection, data extraction, 'Risk of bias' assessment and clinical relevance. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Meta-analyses were performed for relative risk and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after judging clinical and statistical heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-seven trials (2485 analyzed /3005 randomized participants) met our inclusion criteria.For acute neck pain only, no evidence was found.For chronic neck pain, moderate quality evidence supports 1) cervico-scapulothoracic and upper extremity strength training to improve pain of a moderate to large amount immediately post treatment [pooled SMD (SMDp) -0.71 (95% CI: -1.33 to -0.10)] and at short-term follow-up; 2) scapulothoracic and upper extremity endurance training for slight beneficial effect on pain at immediate post treatment and short-term follow-up; 3) combined cervical, shoulder and scapulothoracic strengthening and stretching exercises varied from a small to large magnitude of beneficial effect on pain at immediate post treatment [SMDp -0.33 (95% CI: -0.55 to -0.10)] and up to long-term follow-up and a medium magnitude of effect improving function at both immediate post treatment and at short-term follow-up [SMDp -0.45 (95%CI: -0.72 to -0.18)]; 4) cervico-scapulothoracic strengthening/stabilization exercises to improve pain and function at intermediate term [SMDp -14.90 (95% CI:-22.40 to -7.39)]; 5) Mindfulness exercises (Qigong) minimally improved function but not global perceived effect at short term. Low evidence suggests 1) breathing exercises; 2) general fitness training; 3) stretching alone; and 4) feedback exercises combined with pattern synchronization may not change pain or function at immediate post treatment to short-term follow-up. Very low evidence suggests neuromuscular eye-neck co-ordination/proprioceptive exercises may improve pain and function at short-term follow-up.For chronic cervicogenic headache, moderate quality evidence supports static-dynamic cervico-scapulothoracic strengthening/endurance exercises including pressure biofeedback immediate post treatment and probably improves pain, function and global perceived effect at long-term follow-up. Low grade evidence supports sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAG) exercises.For acute radiculopathy, low quality evidence suggests a small benefit for pain reduction at immediate post treatment with cervical stretch/strengthening/stabilization exercises. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No high quality evidence was found, indicating that there is still uncertainty about the effectiveness of exercise for neck pain. Using specific strengthening exercises as a part of routine practice for chronic neck pain, cervicogenic headache and radiculopathy may be beneficial. Research showed the use of strengthening and endurance exercises for the cervico-scapulothoracic and shoulder may be beneficial in reducing pain and improving function. However, when only stretching exercises were used no beneficial effects may be expected. Future research should explore optimal dosage.

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Prior reviews have confirmed that exercise prevents non-specific back pain in the lumbar and cervical regions.
“Different reviews have confirmed the benefits of exercise on the prevention of NBP in the lumbar [11,12,13,14] and cervical regions [15,17,19,20].”
From Prevention of non-specific back pain through exercise and education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The Authors’ Conclusions (Implications for practice; page not provided) report that specific strengthening exercises may reduce pain in people with chronic mechanical neck pain. That supports a benefit in the cervical region, but the review addresses treatment, not prevention of non-specific neck pain. It does not establish the claim about lumbar pain. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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[13]13. thoracic adj3 vertebrae).mp. 152. Fibromyalgia/rh 153. spondylitis/rh or discitis/rh 154. spondylosis/rh or spondylolysis/rh or spondylolisthesis/rh 155. or/144-154 156. 59 and 155 157. exp Combined Modality Therapy/ 158. Exercise/ 159. Physical Exertion/ 160. exp Exercise Therapy/ 161. exp Electric Stimulation Therapy/ 162. exp Rehabilitation/ 163. exp Physical Therapy Modalities/ 164. Hydrotherapy/ 165. postur* correction.mp. 166. Feldenkrais.mp. 167. (alexander adj (technique or method)).tw. 168. Relaxation Therapy/ 169. Biofeedback, Psychology/ 170. or/157-169 171. 136 and 170 172. 143 or 156 or 171 173. animals/ not (animals/ and humans/) 174. 172 not 173 175. exp randomised controlled trials as topic/ 176. randomised controlled trial.pt. 177. controlled clinical trial.pt. 178. (random* or sham or placebo*).tw. 179. placebos/ 180. random allocation/ 181. single blind method/ 182. double blind method/ 183. ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) adj25 (blind* or dumm* or mask).ti,ab. 184. (rct or rcts).tw. 185. (control* adj2 (study or studies or trial*)).tw. 186. or/175-185 187. 174 and 186 188. limit 187 to yr="2006 -Current" 189. limit 187 to yr="1902 -2005" 190. guidelines as topic/ 191. practice guidelines as topic/ 192. guideline.pt. 193. practice guideline.pt. 194. (guideline? or guidance or recommendations).ti. 195. consensus.ti. 196. or/190-195 197. 174 and 196 198. 136 and 196 199. 197 or 198 200. limit 199 to yr="2006 -Current" 201. limit 199 to yr="1902 -2005" 202. meta-analysis/ 203. exp meta-analysis as topic/ 204. (meta analy* or metaanaly* or met analy* or metanaly*).tw. 205. review literature as topic/ 206. (collaborative research or collaborative review* or collaborative overview*).tw. 207. (integrative research or integrative review* or intergrative overview*).tw. 208. (quantitative adj3 (research or review* or overview*)).tw. 209. (research integration or research overview*).tw. 210. (systematic* adj3 (review* or overview*)).tw. 211. (methodologic* adj3 (review* or overview*)).tw. 212. exp technology assessment biomedical/ 213. (hta or thas or technology assessment*).tw. 214. ((hand adj2 search*) or (manual* adj search*)).tw. 215. ((electronic adj database*) or (bibliographic* adj database*)).tw. 216. ((data adj2 abstract*) or (data adj2 extract*)).tw. 217. (analys* adj3 (pool or pooled or pooling)).tw. 218. mantel haenszel.tw. 219. (cohrane or pubmed or pub med or medline or embase or psycinfo or psyclit or psychinfo or psychlit or cinahl or science citation index).ab. 220. or/202-219 221. 174 and 220 222. limit 221 to yr="2006 -Current" 223. limit 221 to yr="1902 -2005" 224. (ae or to or po or co).fs. 225. (safe or safety or unsafe).tw. 226. (side effect* or side event*).tw. 227. ((adverse or undesirable or harm* or injurious or serious or toxic) adj3 (effect* or event* or reaction* or incident. 228

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Authors: Gross, A., Kay, T. M., Paquin, J.-P., Blanchette, S., Lalonde, P., Christie, T., Dupont, G., Graham, N., Burnie, S. J., Gelley, G., Goldsmith, C. H., Forget, M., Hoving, J. L., Brønfort, G., Santaguida, P. L., & Cervical Overview Group
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
Physio St-Maurice; Trois-Rivières QC Canada
Université Laval (CA)
Western University (CA)
Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CA)
University of Manitoba (CA)
Simon Fraser University (CA)
Department of National Defence (CA)
Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Gross, Anita
Paquin, Jean-Philippe
Blanchette, Samuel
Dupont, Genevieve
Graham, Nadine
Forget, Mario
Hoving, Jan L
Brønfort, Gert
Santaguida, Pasqualina L
Venue: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2015-01-28
Volume: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: CD004250-CD004250
ISSN: 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
1465-1858
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004250.pub5
PMC: PMC9508492
OpenAlex: W1575164208
Cited by: 613
References: 267
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 6.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Complementary and Manual Therapy › Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Keywords: neck pain, exercise therapy, cervicogenic headache, radiculopathy, chronic neck pain, acute neck pain, resistance training, endurance training, stretching, qigong, pain intensity, disability, quality of life, patient satisfaction, global perceived effect, exercise adherence, cervical range of motion
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Headache, Humans, Male, Neck, Radiculopathy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Neck Pain, Physical Therapy Modalities, Manipulation, Chiropractic, Chronic Pain, Pain Management, Acute Pain

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Exercises for mechanical neck disorders

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