Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In type 2 diabetes mellitus there is a progressive loss of beta-cell function. One new approach yielding promising results is the use of the orally active dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors like sitagliptin and vildagliptin. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. SEARCH STRATEGY: Studies were obtained from computerised searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials in adult people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and had a trial duration of at least 12 weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Pooling of studies was performed by means of fixed-effect meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-five studies of good quality were identified, 11 trials evaluated sitagliptin and 14 trials vildagliptin treatment. Altogether, 6743 patients were randomised in sitagliptin and 6121 patients in vildagliptin studies, respectively. Sitagliptin and vildagliptin studies ranged from 12 to 52 weeks duration. No data were published on mortality, diabetic complications, costs of treatment and health-related quality of life. Sitagliptin and vildagliptin therapy in comparison with placebo resulted in an HbA1c reduction of approximately 0.7% and 0.6%, respectively. Data on comparisons with active comparators were limited but indicated no improved metabolic control following DPP-4 intervention in contrast to other hypoglycaemic agents. Sitagliptin and vildagliptin therapy did not result in weight gain but weight loss was more pronounced following placebo interventions. No definite conclusions could be drawn from published data on sitagliptin and vildagliptin effects on measurements of beta-cell function. Overall, sitagliptin and vildagliptin were well tolerated, no severe hypoglycaemia was reported in patients taking sitagliptin or vildagliptin. All-cause infections increased significantly after sitagliptin treatment but did not reach statistical significance following vildagliptin therapy. All published randomised controlled trials of at least 12 weeks treatment with sitagliptin and vildagliptin only reported routine laboratory safety measurements AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: DPP-4 inhibitors have some theoretical advantages over existing therapies with oral antidiabetic compounds but should currently be restricted to individual patients. Long-term data especially on cardiovascular outcomes and safety are urgently needed before widespread use of these new agents. More information on the benefit-risk ratio of DPP-4 inhibitor treatment is necessary especially analysing adverse effects on parameters of immune function. Also, long-term data are needed investigating patient-oriented parameters like health-related quality of life, diabetic complications and all-cause mortality.
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The potential for DPP-4 inhibitors to interfere with immune function is of concern; an increase in upper respiratory infections has been reported.
“The potential for this class of compounds to interfere with immune function is of concern; an increase in upper respiratory infections has been reported (34).”
From Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy (2009) · cites this paper as [34]
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6 of the 121 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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“The potential for this class of compounds to interfere with immune function is of concern; an increase in upper respiratory infections has been reported (34).”
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BackgroundDipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review
Deacon, C. F. (2010) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01306.x · Cited by 528 · see citing works
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BackgroundCut to the chase: a review of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4's (DPP4) entanglement in the immune system
Klemann, C., Wagner, L., Stephan, M., & von Hörsten, S. (2016) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12781 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
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Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists
Garber, A. J. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s231 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“The efficacy and tolerability of the DPP-4 inhibitors have been reviewed elsewhere (16).”
BackgroundPrato, S. D., Barnett, A. H., Huisman, H., Neubacher, D., Woerle, H. J., & Dugi, K. A. (2010) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01350.x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
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Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by GLP-1
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Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase‐4 inhibitors
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Khunti, K., Alsifri, S., Aronson, R., Cigrovski Berković, M., Enters‐Weijnen, C., Forsén, T., Galstyan, G., Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn, P., Goldfracht, M., Gydesen, H., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12689 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Impact of glucose-lowering drugs on cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
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Williams‐Herman, D., Engel, S. S., Round, E., Johnson, J. R., Golm, G. T., Guo, H., Musser, B. J., Davies, M. J., Kaufman, K. D., & Goldstein, B. J. (2010) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-10-7 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Prior meta-analyses of published studies of DPP-4 inhibitors (including sitagliptin and vildagliptin) have reported an increased risk for infections overall and for specific infections (nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and urinary tract infection) [9,26,34].”
BackgroundMahapatra, D. K., Asati, V., & Bharti, S. K. (2015) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.051 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Edridge, C. L., Dunkley, A. J., Bodicoat, D. H., Rose, T. C., Gray, L. J., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K. K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126427 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“Previously published systematic reviews that have considered hypoglycaemic episodes in type 2 diabetes have tended to focus on clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of a particular drug (15, 25-30).”
BackgroundMakrilakis, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152720 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“An early meta-analysis of incretin based therapies (in which inhibitor data were available only for sitagliptin and vildagliptin), suggested that there was an increased risk of some infections (urinary tract infections with both inhibitors and nasopharyngitis more evident with sitagliptin) and headache (more evident w…”
BackgroundThe selection and use of essential medicines.
Kazembe, P. N., Fannah, J. A., Hoppu, K., Zisovska, E., Pedersen, H., Hill, S., Ondari, C. O., Terlouw, D. J., Mattison, D. R., Zhi-ping, L., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Pharmacology of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
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“A large body of evidence indicates that DPP-4 inhibitors as a class have a good safety and tolerability profile, with a low incidence of mostly mild-to-moderate adverse events (AEs).([125,127,152-155]) First of all, because of the glucose-dependent nature of their insulinotropic effect, they are associated with very l…”
BackgroundDPP-4 inhibitors improve cognition and brain mitochondrial function of insulin-resistant rats
Pintana, H., Apaijai, N., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2013) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-12-0521 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“It has been shown that DPP-4 inhibitors improve glycemic control in insulin resistance models and T2DM models (Richter et al. 2008).”
BackgroundVerspohl, E. J. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.002 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Powell, D. R., Smith, M. G., Greer, J., Harris, A. L., Zhao, S., DaCosta, C. M., Mseeh, F., Shadoan, M. K., Sands, A., Zambrowicz, B., et al. (2013) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.113.203364 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“Increasing GLP-1 activity, either by injecting longacting GLP-1 analogs or by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV–mediated GLP-1 inactivation, is clearly associated with improved glycemic control in patients with T2DM (Richter et al., 2008; Shyangdan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGuideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes
1 (2013) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.08.002 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Nauck, M. A., Vilsbøll, T., Gallwitz, B., Garber, A. J., & Madsbad, S. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-s315 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Both display beneficial ef fects on weight compared with other oral antidiabetic drugs (except DPP-4 inhibitors versus metformin), however, more pronounced for the GLP-1 receptor agonists (1,20,43).”
BackgroundInfluentialCardiovascular effects of gliptins
Scheen, A. J. (2013) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.183 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation
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Self-citationDipeptydil peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Monami, M., Iacomelli, I., Marchionni, N., & Mannucci, E. (2009) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.03.015 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Among other expected adverse events, the previously reported increased incidence of some infections during DPP-4 inhibitor therapy [6,8] is confirmed, with sitagliptin, but not vildagliptin, associated with nasopharyngitis, and with a nonsignificant trend toward an increased risk of urinary tract infections.”
BackgroundGooßen, K., & Gräber, S. (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01610.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Comparative Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
Golightly, L. K., Drayna, C. C., & McDermott, M. T. (2012) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/bf03261927 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Clinical studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of type 2 diabetes treatments have shown that incretin therapies with both pharmacological GLP-1 agonists([31-35]) and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), the enzyme primarily responsible for physiological degradation ofGLP-1, generally are well tolerate…”
Improved glycemic control in mice lacking Sglt1 and Sglt2
Powell, D. R., DaCosta, C. M., Gay, J. P., Ding, Z., Smith, M. G., Greer, J., Doree, D. D., Jeter-Jones, S. L., Mseeh, F., Rodriguez, L. A., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2012 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
DPP-4 inhibitors for treating T2DM - hype or hope? an analysis based on the current literature
Saini, K., Sharma, S., & Khan, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1130625 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“6%, respectively, in contrast to placebo (Richter et al., 2008b).”
Guideline Development Group., Bilo, H. J. G., Coentrão, L., Couchoud, C., Covic, A. C., SUTTER, J. D., Drechsler, C., Gnudi, L., Goldsmith, D. J. A., Heaf, J. G., et al. (2015) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv100 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
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Dipeptidylpeptitase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins)
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linagliptin
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“9% achieved with linagliptin are consistent with the effects observed with other DPP-4 inhibitors.([48-50]) Reductions in HbA1c of this magnitude are considered clinically meaningful by regulatory authorities and clinical associations.”
Safety of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: a perspective review
Karagiannis, T., Boura, P., & Τσάπας, Α. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098614523031 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
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The effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 on the beta cell
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The safety and tolerability of GLP‐1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review
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“The safety and tolerability profile of DPP-4 inhibitors are reviewed elsewhere [3].”
BackgroundHaidinger, M., Werzowa, J., Hecking, M., Antlanger, M., Stemer, G., Pleiner, J., Kopecky, C., Kovarik, J. J., Döller, D., Pacini, G., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.12518 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors belong to a new class of antidiabetic drugs that stabilize the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, resulting in improvedmetabolic control and reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia (21).”
BackgroundRehman, M. B., Tudrej, B. V., Soustre, J., Buisson, M., Archambault, P., Pouchain, D., Vaillant-Roussel, H., Gueyffier, F., Faillie, J., Pérault-Pochat, M.-C., et al. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2016.09.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
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“…to have contradictory effects: that is, increasing and inhibiting immune responses (reviewed by Hildebrandt, 2004) and long-term safety based on effects on CD26 remains unknown (Richter et al., 2008a) except for a nonspecific increase of infections after sitagliptin therapy (Richter et al., 2008b).”
BackgroundInterventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults
Brophy, S. T., Davies, H. A., Mannan, S., Brunt, H., & Williams, R. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006165.pub3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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“Previous meta-analyses of DPP-4 inhibitors found sitagliptin therapy to be associated with a slightly increased risk of overall and specific infections (nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection) [42,43].”
ResultPfützner, A., Schöndorf, T., Markolf Hanefeld, E., & Forst, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681000400326 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
DPP-4 inhibitors: What may be the clinical differentiators?
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“[47] Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch CL.”
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Sulphonylurea monotherapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hemmingsen, B., Schroll, J. B., Lund, S. S., Wetterslev, J., Gluud, C. N., Vaag, A. A., Sonne, D. P., Lundstrøm, L. H., & Almdal, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009008.pub2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
RetractedCardiovascular Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: From Risk Factors to Clinical Outcomes
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Derosa, G., & Maffioli, P. (2012) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.04.012 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Dissecting the interaction between COVID‐19 and diabetes mellitus
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Best Practice for Diabetic Patients on Hemodialysis 2012
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DPP‐4 inhibitors and risk of infections: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Yang, W., Cai, X., Han, X., & Ji, L. (2015) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2723 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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“Several metaanalysis reports indicate an increased risk of infection such as nasopharyngitis and urinary tract infection in patients on DPP4i [156, 157].”
BackgroundCroxtall, J. D., & Keam, S. J. (2008) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/0003495-200868160-00009 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Monami, M., Cremasco, F., Lamanna, C., Marchionni, N., & Mannucci, E. (2011) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1184 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The modest difference in endpoint BMI between DPP-4 inhibitors and placebo, which had been described previously [45], can be easily explained by the improvement of metabolic control and the consequent reduction of glycosuria.”
BackgroundLiraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD™) trial
Madsbad, S. (2009) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.4.2.119 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and kidney fibrosis in diabetes
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“Furthermore, DPP-4 inhibitors not only have benefits for patients who have recently developed diabetes [42] but also in patients with long-standing diabetes [43].”
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“Meta-analyses suggested an increased risk for all-cause infections [34, 35].”
BackgroundCardiometabolic effects of a new class of antidiabetic agents
Desouza, C. V., Gupta, N., & Patel, A. (2015) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Repurposing Drugs to Target the Diabetes Epidemic
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“Both classes of agent, however, have also been linked with various side effects in certain individuals [19,20].”
Huijben, J. A., Kramer, A., Kerschbaum, J., Meester, J. D., Collart, F., Arévalo, O. L. R., Helve, J., Lassalle, M., Pálsson, R., ten Dam, M. A. G. J., et al. (2022) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfac165 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Vora, K. A., Porter, G., Peng, R., Cui, Y., Pryor, K. D., Eiermann, G. J., & Zaller, D. M. (2009) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/1471-2172-10-19 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“A concern regarding the potential for DPP-IV inhibitors to affect immune function and increase infection rates has been raised [4,5], although a recently published analysis of safety using pooled source data showed no significant difference in the incidence of overall or specific types of infection [6].”
Lee, J.-G., Kang, D. G., Yu, J. R., Kim, Y. R., Kim, J. S., Koh, G. P., & Lee, D. H. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.149 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“, nasopharyngitis and urinary tract infection), so further experimental and clinical studies are needed to determine the effects of DPP-4 on immune cell function [11-13].”
Clinical Pharmacology of Incretin Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Treatment
Neumiller, J. J. (2011) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.04.024 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Horie, Y., Kanada, S., Watada, H., Sarashina, A., Taniguchi, A., Hayashi, N., Graefe-Mody, E. U., Woerle, H., & Dugi, K. A. (2011) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.06.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Naringin enhances reverse cholesterol transport in high fat/low streptozocin induced diabetic rats
Rotimi, S. O., Adelani, I. B., Bankole, E., & Rotimi, O. A. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.116 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Interestingly, current pharmacotherapies of T2DM now focus on inhibiting DPP-IV and enhancing insulin availability and sensitivity of tissues to insulin [29,30].”
BackgroundGliptins (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) and risk of acute pancreatitis
Scheen, A. J. (2013) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2013.793671 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In a Cochrane review published in 2008 pooling 25 studies of good quality (11 trials with sitagliptin and 14 trials with vildagliptin), pancreatitis was not mentioned as being a concern with DPP-4 inhibitors [23].”
Signorovitch, J., Wu, E. Q., Swallow, E., Kantor, E., Fan, L., & Gruenberger, J.-B. (2011) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.2165/11592490-000000000-00000 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
DPP-4 Inhibitors in Clinical Practice
Palalau, A. I., Tahrani, A. A., Piya, M. K., & Barnett, A. H. (2009) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2079 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gibbs, J. P., Fredrickson, J. O., Barbee, T., Correa, I., Smith, B. P., Lin, S., & Gibbs, M. A. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270011420153 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“1494 • J Clin Pharmacol 2012;52:1494-1505 T 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the progressive loss of pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and microvascular disorders such as retinopathy and nephropathy.(1,2) An increase in the understandin…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAlvarez, C., Lingvay, I., Vuylsteke, V., Koffarnus, R. L., & McGuire, D. (2015) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.143 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The effects on weight of the DPP-4 inhibitors were assessed in a Cochrane review of 25 studies evaluating sitagliptin and vildagliptin.(35) These drugs did not produce any significant changes in weight in the overall analysis; however, when limited to only placebo controlled trials, sitagliptin was associated with a 0.”
MethodIncretin-based therapies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes — More than meets the eye?
Łabuzek, K., Kozłowski, M., Szkudłapski, D., Sikorska, P., Kozłowska-Geller, M. A., & Okopień, B. (2013) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2013.01.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“As far as DPP-4 inhibitors are concerned early studies indicated that there could be a connection between treatment with sitagliptin and increased incidence rate of infections (nasopharyngitis and urinary tract infections) and headache, especially with vildagliptin [79,80].”
BackgroundPattzi, H. M. R., Pitale, S., Salazar, M. A., Bennett, C., O'Farrell, A. M., Li, J., Cherrington, J. M., Guler, H. P., & PHX1149‐PROT202 Study Group (2010) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01195.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dobs, A. S., Goldstein, B. J., Aschner, P. J., Horton, E. S., Umpierrez, G. E., DURAN, L., HILL, J. S., Chen, Y., Golm, G. T., Langdon, R. B., et al. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00223.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Prior metaanalyses have reported small increases in risk of nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, and all-cause infection in patients treated with DPP-4 inhibitors.(30,31) However, in a subsequent pooled analysis that compared sitagliptin-treated and non-exposed patients in a larger sample, no significant differen…”
ResultElgendy, I. Y., Mahmoud, A. N., Barakat, A. F., Elgendy, A. Y., Saad, M. S., Abu‐Zaid, A., Wayangankar, S. A., & Bavry, A. A. (2016) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-016-0208-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pharmacological management of obesity an endocrine society clinical practice guideline
Apovian, C. M., Aronne, L. J., Bessesen, D. H., McDonnell, M. E., Murad, M. H., Pagotto, U., Ryan, D. H., & Still, C. D. (2015) · Reproductive Endocrinology · doi:10.18370/2309-4117.2015.23.59-63 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Low DPP4 expression and activity in multiple sclerosis
Tejera‐Alhambra, M., Casrouge, A., de Andrés, C., Ramos‐Medina, R., Alonso, B., Vega, J., Albert, M. L., & Sánchez‐Ramón, S. (2013) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2013.11.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“DPP4−/− mice show increased levels of the intact insulinotropic forms of GLP-1 and GIP, accounting for the use of DPP4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes [52].”
BackgroundThe safety and tolerability of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type-2 diabetes
Russell-Jones, D. L. (2010) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02465.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Richter, B., Bandeira-Echtler, E., Bergerhoff, K., & Lerch, C.
- Affiliations
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-04-23
- Volume
- 2010
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- CD006739-CD006739
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC8985075
- OpenAlex
- W1916480346
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 4.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Peptidase Inhibition and Analysis
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, sitagliptin, vildagliptin, glycemic control, HbA1c, beta-cell function, weight change, hypoglycemia, infection, drug safety, oral antidiabetic drugs, GLP-1 receptor agonists, treatment costs, health-related quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Sitagliptin Phosphate, Vildagliptin, Adamantane, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Nitriles, Pyrazines, Pyrrolidines, Triazoles, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
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