The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Five‐Factor Model, Five‐Factor Theory, and Interpersonal Psychology
Abstract
The five-factor model (FFM) is a taxonomy of traits; five-factor theory (FFT) is a theory of personality based on research with the FFM. Both are useful in understanding interpersonal psychology. Traits traditionally considered interpersonal fall in the plane defined by FFM extraversion and agreeableness, but all five factors have interpersonal consequences. FFT offers an account of the operation of traits in interaction with the environment; in interpersonal interactions, people serve as reciprocal environments to each other. Adult attachment, like many other topics in interpersonal psychology, may be profitably viewed from the perspective of FFT.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Positive correlations of neuroticism with negative affect, anxiety and stress, as well as negative correlations with well-being and mindfulness, have been found.15–17”
From Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: international cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The personality trait of neuroticism refers to relatively stable tendencies to respond with negative emotions to threat or frustration.16”
From Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: international cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Many pre-existing mental disorders are strongly associated with neuroticism,16,31,32”
From Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: international cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x · Cited by 6,835
Self-citationPersonality Structure: Emergence Of The 5-Factor Model
Digman, J. M. (1990) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221 · Cited by 6,731
The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry
Sullivan, H. S., Perry, H. S., Gawel, M. L., & Cohen, M. D. M. B. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315014029 · Cited by 5,280
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · Cited by 3,241
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality
Leary, T. (1957) · Cited by 2,272
The interpersonal theory of psychiatry.
indicated, N. A. (1953) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0050700 · Cited by 2,271
Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.885 · Cited by 2,026
Handbook of individual differences in social behavior
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-3482 · Cited by 2,011
The Five-factor model of personality: theoretical perspectives
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-1846 · Cited by 1,643
A psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596
Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development.
McCrae, R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebíčková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,396
Self-citationWhy are children in the same family so different from one another?
Plomin, R. J., & Daniels, D. (1987) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00055941 · Cited by 1,360
Universal Features of Personality Traits From the Observer's Perspective: Data From 50 Cultures.
McCrae, R. R., 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project, & Terracciano, A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547 · Cited by 1,326
Self-citationThe 1982 Interpersonal Circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions.
Kiesler, D. J. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.3.185 · Cited by 1,289
The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way they Do
Gerstel, N. R., & Harris, J. R. (1999) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654856 · Cited by 1,249
Social consequences of experiential openness.
McCrae, R. R. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.323 · Cited by 1,146
Self-citationConceptions and Correlates of Openness to Experience
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997) · Handbook of Personality Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50032-9 · Cited by 1,093
Self-citationGenes, evolution, and personality
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1012294324713 · Cited by 1,085
Chris Fraley, R. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_03 · Cited by 1,066
Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1996) · Cited by 1,065
Self-citationNature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,018
Self-citationThe structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins's circumplex and the five-factor model.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.4.586 · Cited by 888
Self-citationCaspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00885.x · Cited by 726
Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality.
Trapnell, P. D., & Wiggins, J. S. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.781 · Cited by 707
Interaction Concepts of Personality.
Hardert, R. A., & Carson, R. C. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094013 · Cited by 696
Wilson, G. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90135-9 · Cited by 688
Shaver, P., & Brennan, K. A. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292185003 · Cited by 684
Personality and Mate Preferences: Five Factors In Mate Selection and Marital Satisfaction
Botwin, M. D., Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00531.x · Cited by 657
The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins's circumplex and the five-factor model.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.586 · Cited by 638
Self-citationPsychometric and Geometric Characteristics of the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS-R)
Wiggins, J. S., Trapnell, P. D., & Phillips, N. (1988) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2304_8 · Cited by 613
Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.
Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.27 · Cited by 612
Birth to maturity: A study in psychological development.
Kagan, J., & Moss, H. A. (1962) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1037/13129-000 · Cited by 592
Empirical and Theoretical Status of the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2008) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849200462.n13 · Cited by 581
Self-citationJang, K. L., McCrae, R. R., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Livesley, W. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1556 · Cited by 539
Self-citationNoftle, E. E., & Shaver, P. R. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.11.003 · Cited by 501
Personality Plasticity After Age 30
Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206288599 · Cited by 486
Self-citationRiemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Strelau, J. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00324.x · Cited by 457
Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.
Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.27 · Cited by 400
Yamagata, S., Suzuki, A., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Kijima, N., Yoshimura, K., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.987 · Cited by 388
Personality in Nature, Society, and Culture
Krogman, W. M. (1949) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.105.9.714 · Cited by 359
Paradigms of personality assessment
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-6219 · Cited by 316
For Your Own Good: Hidden Cruelty in Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence
Miller, A. M. (1983) · Cited by 305
McCrae, R., & Greenberg, D. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch12 · Cited by 303
Self-citationFor Your Own Good. Hidden Cruelty in Child Rearing and the Roots of Violence
Davis, J. A. (1984) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.59.1.94 · Cited by 278
Human nature and culture: A trait perspective
McCrae, R. R. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2003.09.009 · Cited by 276
Self-citationThe nature of extraversion: A genetical analysis.
Eaves, L. J., & Eysenck, H. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076862 · Cited by 259
Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology
Horowitz, L. M., & Strack, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118001868 · Cited by 236
Personality self-reports are concurrently reliable and valid during acute depressive episodes
Costa, P. T., Bagby, R. M., Herbst, J. H., & McCrae, R. R. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.010 · Cited by 218
Self-citationSadler, P., & Woody, E. Z. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.80 · Cited by 205
Orford, J. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.3.365 · Cited by 197
Attachment theory and research: Resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.002 · Cited by 176
Tracey, T. J. G., Rounds, J., & Gurtman, M. B. (1996) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3104_3 · Cited by 145
Gerlsma, J. (1994) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 142
Morey, L. C., Gunderson, J. G., Quigley, B. D., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., McGlashan, T. H., Stout, R. L., & Zanarini, M. C. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.3.215.22541 · Cited by 141
Recalled Parent‐Child Relations and Adult Personality
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1988) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1988.tb00894.x · Cited by 137
Self-citationPersonality Trait Similarity Between Spouses in Four Cultures
McCrae, R. R., Martin, T., Hřebı́čková, M., Urbánek, T., Boomsma, D. I., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., & Costa, P. T. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00517.x · Cited by 134
Self-citationKing, J. E., Weiß, A., & Farmer, K. H. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00313.x · Cited by 118
Strong, S. R., Hills, H. I., Kilmartin, C. T., DeVries, H. M., Lanier, K., Nelson, B. N., Strickland, D., & Meyer, C. W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.798 · Cited by 114
Concordance between observers in descriptions of personality change in Alzheimer's disease.
Strauss, M. E., Pasupathi, M., & Chatterjee, A. K. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.8.4.475 · Cited by 114
Concordance between observers in descriptions of personality change in Alzheimer's disease.
Strauss, M. E., Pasupathi, M., & Chatterjee, A. K. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.4.475 · Cited by 112
Complementarity of Interpersonal Circumplex Traits
Tracey, T. J. G., Ryan, J. M., & Jaschik-Herman, B. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201277002 · Cited by 105
A step toward DSM‐V: cataloguing personality‐related problems in living
McCrae, R. R., Löckenhoff, C. E., & Costa, P. T. (2005) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.564 · Cited by 87
Self-citationAnsell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_3 · Cited by 85
Advances in Personality Assessment
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315825601 · Cited by 79
Outline of a conception of personality.
Murray, H. A., & Kluckhohn, C. (1948) · Cited by 76
Harkness, A. R., & McNulty, J. L. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10423-023 · Cited by 70
Strong, S. R., Hills, H. I., Kilmartin, C. T., et al. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.798 · Cited by 68
Bollmer, J. M., Harris, M. J., Milich, R. S., & Georgesen, J. C. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7104003 · Cited by 60
Interpersonal circumplex octant, control, and affiliation scales for the NEO-PI-R
Traupman, E. K., Smith, T. W., Uchino, B. N., Berg, C. A., Trobst, K. K., & Costa, P. T. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.018 · Cited by 58
Self-citationHumanism in Personology: Allport, Maslow, and Murray
Maddi, S. R., & Costa, P. T. (1972) · Cited by 17
Self-citationBecker, P., & Mohr, A. (2005) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443.34.3.205 · Cited by 12
Harrington, D. M. (1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10127-029 · Cited by 7
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Costa P. T., 1992, Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) and NEO Five‐Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI) professional manual
- Costa P. T., 1994, Personality stability and its contribution to successful aging, Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 41
- Horowitz L. M., 2000, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems manual
- McCrae R. R., 2008, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 159
- Wiggins J. S., 1996, The Five‐Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives
- Wiggins J. S., 1985, Perspectives in personality, 1
- Wiggins J. S., 1996, The Five‐Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives, 88
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Luyten, P., & Blatt, S. J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.003 · Cited by 198
Online grocery shopping adoption: do personality traits matter?
Piroth, P., Ritter, M. S., & Rüger-Muck, E. (2020) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-08-2019-0631 · Cited by 66
A Preliminary Analysis on the Effects of Propensity to Trust in Distributed Software Development
Calefato, F., Lanubile, F., & Novielli, N. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE) · doi:10.1109/icgse.2017.1 · Cited by 43
You, M., Laborde, S., Dosseville, F. E. M., Salinas, A., & Allen, M. S. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1752705 · Cited by 48
Culture and vocational interests: The moderating role of collectivism and gender egalitarianism.
Ott-Holland, C. J., Huang, J. L. W., Ryan, A. M., Elizondo, F., & Wadlington, P. L. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033587 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-11-22
- Pages
- 91-104
- OpenAlex
- W1602351648
- Semantic Scholar
- a3dd9e5505e30b2f5919099d6fee20bfa575aa25
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Big Five personality traits, personality traits, interpersonal psychology, extraversion, agreeableness, trait-environment relationships, adult attachment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review