The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings
Abstract
Media commentators have suggested that recent school shootings were precipitated by social rejection, but no empirical research has examined this claim. Case studies were conducted of 15 school shootings between 1995 and 2001 to examine the possible role of social rejection in school violence. Acute or chronic rejection—in the form of ostracism, bullying, and/or romantic rejection—was present in all but two of the incidents. In addition, the shooters tended to be characterized by one or more of three other risk factors—an interest in firearms or bombs, a fascination with death or Satanism, or psychological problems involving depression, impulse control, or sadistic tendencies. Implications for understanding and preventing school violence are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 29:202–214, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
PINKER, S. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08538.x · Cited by 3,738
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5 · Cited by 2,378 · cited 1×
“Other writers have suggested that aggression may result from a desire to show that one is not a person to be trifled with [Nisbett, 1993] or to maintain self-esteem and buttress one’s positive self-concept after an ego-threatening event [Baumeister et al., 1996].”
BackgroundIf you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058 · Cited by 1,554
The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings.
Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1225 · Cited by 485 · cited 1×
“People who feel that another individual does not value their relationship as much as they would like often become hurt and angry, and sometimes behave aggressively [Leary and Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998].”
BackgroundSelf-citationViolence and U.S. regional culture.
Nisbett, R. E. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.4.441 · Cited by 345
Hurt feelings: The neglected emotion.
Leary, M. R., & Springer, C. A. (2001) · Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships. · doi:10.1037/10365-006 · Cited by 232 · cited 1×
“People who feel that another individual does not value their relationship as much as they would like often become hurt and angry, and sometimes behave aggressively [Leary and Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- 10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.377 · DOI · Paper page
- Chua‐eoan H, 1997, Mississippi Gothic, Time, 150, 16
- Coie JD, 1990, Peer rejection in childhood, 17
- 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01571.x · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01571.x · Paper page
- In conversation.1999. Asbury Park Press B1.
- James W, 1890, The principles of psychology
- Kindlon D, 1999, Raising Cain: Protecting the emotional lives of boys
- Kowalski RM, 2003, Complaining, teasing, and other annoying behaviors
- 10.1017/S0954579400006866 · DOI · Paper page
- Lefkowitz MM, 1973, Environmental variables as predictors of aggressive behavior, International Journal of Group Tensions, 3, 30
- Marano HE, 1998, Why doesn't anybody like me?
- McDougall P, 2001, Interpersonal rejection, 213
- Millon T, 1981, Disorders of personality
- 10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.797 · DOI
- Olweus D, 1984, Disruptive behaviors in schools, 57
- 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00012-9 · DOI
- 10.1192/bjp.123.5.575 · doi:10.1192/bjp.123.5.575
- 10.1080/10510979209368377 · doi:10.1080/10510979209368377
- 10.1037/10320-006 · DOI
- Thomas HE, 1995, Experiencing shame as a precursor to violence, Bulletin of the Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 23, 587
- Vossekuil B, 2000, U.S.S.S. safe school initiative: An interim report on the prevention of targeted violence in schools
- 10.1016/0022-4405(87)90039-2 · DOI
- Williams KD, 1997, Social ostracism, 133
- Williams KD, 2001, Interpersonal rejection, 21
Cited by
Williams, K. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641 · Cited by 1,828
Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202 · Cited by 1,712
Self-citationZadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006 · Cited by 1,138
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015250 · Cited by 942
Self-citationAllen, K.-A., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1883409 · Cited by 935
Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S.
- Venue
- Aggressive Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-04-22
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 202-214
- ISSN
- 0096-140X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2337
- OpenAlex
- W2059399641
- Cited by
- 689
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 11.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/ab.10061
- The paper
- Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10061
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.