Hurt feelings: The neglected emotion.
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It is generally assumed that the various emotions commonly accompanying social rejection cumulatively give rise to a unique experience of 'social pain'.
“Although the experience of social rejection is commonly accompanied by reports of various emotions (e.g., fear, sadness, anger, anxiety, and shame), it is generally assumed that these feelings cumulatively give rise to a unique experience of ' social pain ' (35 -37).”
From Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011) · cites this paper as [35]
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Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
“The acute emotional distress felt in response to relational devaluation is known as hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAffective consciousness: core emotional feelings in animals and humans.
Panksepp, J. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004 · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3231 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015250 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Self-citationConstruct validity of the need to belong scale: mapping the nomological network
Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.819511 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
“Similarly, given that people’s feelings are hurt when they believe that others do not adequately value having relationships with them (Leary & Springer, 2001), people who are high in the need to belong might experience hurt feelings more frequently than people who are low.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocial rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain
Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102693108 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.10061 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
“People who feel that another individual does not value their relationship as much as they would like often become hurt and angry, and sometimes behave aggressively [Leary and Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeWall, C. N., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.1 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
“For example, people may report feeling hurt or crushed following the dissolution of a meaningful relationship (Leary & Springer, 2000).”
BackgroundThe neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182464dd1 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain: Behavioral and Neural Evidence
DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D., Masten, C. L., Baumeister, R. F., Powell, C., Combs, D., Schurtz, D. R., Stillman, T. F., Tice, D. M., et al. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610374741 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
“Leary and Springer (2001) showed that this measure of hurt feelings relates specifically to the experience of social exclusion and cannot be reduced to other negative emotions.”
BackgroundMethodSocial Pain and the Brain: Controversies, Questions, and Where to Go from Here
Eisenberger, N. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“…that sensory-related regions are also involved in social pain, as somatic symptoms are often reported following social pain (Gudmundsdottir 2009, Leary & Springer 2001), and some studies have shown activation in sensory-related neural regions (PI, S2) following social rejection (Fisher et al.…”
BackgroundNezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L. S., & Williams, K. D. (2012) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0028029 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“Individuals who have been rejected report hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001), are more aggressive (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), and are less prosocial (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007).”
BackgroundSettling for less out of fear of being single.
Spielmann, S. S., MacDonald, G., Maxwell, J. A., Joel, S., Peragine, D. E., Muise, A., & Impett, E. A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034628 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., Brewer, L. E., Tice, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00020.x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“Leary et al. (1998; also Leary & Springer, 2000) showed that people associate social rejection with the familiar experience of having one’s feelings hurt and that these feelings are defined by negative mood as well as the emotions of hostility and anxiety.”
Background(2013) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Feeney, J. A. (2005) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00114.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“Leary (2001) has argued that the defining feature is perceived relational devaluation; that is, the tar-get’s perception that the offender regards the relationship as less valuable, important, or close than the target would like.”
InfluentialLanguage exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace.
Hitlan, R. T., Kelly, K. M., Schepman, S., Schneider, K. T., & Zárate, M. A. (2006) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.10.1.56 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“…negative outcomes, including sadness (Atlas & Morier, 1994), loneliness (Jones, 1990), hurt feelings (Leary, Springer, Negal, Ansell, & Evans, 1998; Leary & Springer, 2001), social anxiety (Baumeister & Tice, 1990; Beck, Laude, & Bohnert, 1974), depression (Coie, Terry, Zakriski, & Lochman, 1995),…”
Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger.
Lemay, E. P., Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030064 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Vangelisti, A. L., Young, S. L., Carpenter‐Theune, K. E., & Alexander, A. L. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205277319 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Analysis of physiological signals for recognition of boredom, pain, and surprise emotions
Jang, E.-H., Park, B.-J., Park, M.-S., Kim, S.-H., & Sohn, J.-H. (2015) · Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.1186/s40101-015-0063-5 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Empathy gaps for social pain: Why people underestimate the pain of social suffering.
Nordgren, L. F., Banas, K., & MacDonald, G. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020938 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Onoda, K., Okamoto, Y., Nakashima, K., Nittono, H., Ura, M., & Yamawaki, S. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910902955884 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“It should also be noted that social pain can motivate people to seek support from others or to pursue new relationships (Leary & Springer, 2001; Maner, DeWall, Baumeister, & Schaller, 2007).”
BackgroundDeWall, C. N., Deckman, T., Pond, R. S., & Bonser, I. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Characteristics and Consequences of Interpersonal Complaints Associated with Perceived Face Threat
Cupach, W. R., & Carson, C. L. (2002) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407502019004047 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The single-item need to belong scale
Nichols, A., & Webster, G. D. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.018 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“…affect: a = .88; negative affect: a = .88; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988 ), social anxiety (a = .85; Leary, 1983 ), hurt feelings (a = .50; Leary & Springer, 2001 ), affiliation (a = .92; emotional support: a = .72; attention: a = .81; positive stimulation: a = .83; social comparison: a =…”
Eisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429455 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“However, given that somatic symptoms are often reported following experiences of social pain (Leary & Springer, 2001), it is possible that the sensory component of pain may contribute to social-pain experience as well.”
BackgroundMirgain, S. A., & Córdova, J. V. (2007) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.9.983 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sabini, J., & Green, M. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264012 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Leary and his collaborators (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998; also see Jones, Moore, Schratter, & Negel, 2001) have argued, and gathered evidence for the claim, that having hurt feelings is a matter of pain triggered by “relationship devaluation.””
BackgroundMcLaren, R. M., Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210377896 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Hurt can negatively impact relationships by undermining intimacy and relationship satisfaction, possibly even prompting the dissolution of the association (e.g., Feeney, 2004; Leary & Springer, 2001; Mills, Nazar, & Farrell, 2002).”
BackgroundShaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Lavy, S., & Cassidy, J. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.007 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Negative emotions in supervisory relationships: The role of relational models
Game, A. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708088998 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Theiss, J. A., Knobloch, L. K., Checton, M. G., & Magsamen‐Conrad, K. (2009) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01364.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology: Social pain and hurt feelings
Macdonald, G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.034 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
When Pain Does Not Heal: The Common Antecedents and Consequences of Chronic Social and Physical Pain
Riva, P., Wesselmann, E. D., Wirth, J. H., Carter‐Sowell, A. R., & Williams, K. D. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.917975 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Previous research showed that high levels of neuroticism were associated with the tendency to experience hurt feelings and negative emotional reactions to social separation (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundSanford, K., & Rowatt, W. C. (2004) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00086.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Green, M. C., & Sabini, J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.330 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brown, R. C., Plener, P. L., Groen, G., Neff, D., Bonenberger, M., & Abler, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00267 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hard and soft emotion during conflict: Investigating married couples and other relationships
Sanford, K. (2007) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00142.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Once hurt, twice shy: Social pain contributes to social anxiety.
Fung, K., & Alden, L. E. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000223 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Priem, J. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01353.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…are a common occurrence in romantic relationships, which can lead to negative outcomes including relational distancing, decreased intimacy and relationship satisfaction, and increased likelihood of relationship dissolution (e.g., Feeney, 2004; Leary & Springer, 2001; Mills, Nazar, & Farrell, 2002).”
BackgroundYaakobi, E., & Williams, K. D. (2015) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12122 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…have indicated that the negative effects of being ostracized include aggressiveness (Warburton, Williams, & Cairns, 2006), increased hurt feelings (Leary & Springer, 2001), less prosocial behaviour (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007), decreased senses of belonging,…”
BackgroundAdding Insult to Injury: Social Pain Theory and Response to Social Exclusion
Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., & von Hippel, W. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203942888-12 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hurt Feelings among New Acquaintances: Moderating Effects of Interpersonal Familiarity
Snapp, C. M., & Leary, M. R. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501183001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationKowalski, R. M., Walker, S., Wilkinson, R., Queen, A., & Sharpe, B. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030204003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“As found in the present study, betrayal, lying, and teasing imply more relational devaluation (Leary et al., 1998; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
ResultHurtful Family Environments: Links with Individual, Relationship, and Perceptual Variables
Vangelisti, A. L., Maguire, K., Alexander, A., & Clark, G. (2007) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750701543477 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Some theorists argue that hurt is a distinct emotion (Leary & Springer, 2001), whereas others suggest it is an emotion ‘‘blend’’ (Weiner, personal communication).”
BackgroundCulture, Interpersonal Stress, and Psychological Distress
Hashimoto, T., Mojaverian, T., & Kim, H. S. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112438396 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Several studies have categorized various interpersonal stressors (e.g., Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundEmotions, communicative responses, and relational consequences of boundary turbulence
McLaren, R. M., & Steuber, K. R. (2012) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512463997 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Face Loss Following Interpersonal Harm for Chinese and Americans
Liao, Y., & Bond, M. H. (2010) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022110361774 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“We expect the episodes involving non-physical harm in the present study are comparable with theirs, and similar to what Leary and Springer (2001) have reported in American samples.”
ResultExperiencing social exclusion changes gut microbiota composition
Kim, C.-S., Shin, G.-E., Cheong, Y., Shin, J., Shin, D., & Chun, W. Y. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02023-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Child and Parent Perceptions of Hurtful Messages
Mills, R. S. L., Nazar, J., & Farrell, H. M. (2002) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407502196001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The nature of hurt feelings: Emotional experience and cognitive appraisals.
Leary, M., & Leder, S. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAgbaria, Q., Ronen, T., & Hamama, L. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…of social rejection people with a strong need for social belonging tend to interpret the behavior of others as threatening and rejecting, and they may experience negative feelings such as anxiety, vulnerability, hostility and anger (Leary, Koch, & Hechenbleikner, 2001; Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundAppraisals and Distancing Responses to Hurtful Messages
McLaren, R. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2008) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650208315961 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Keywords: hurtful messages; hurt; emotion; appraisal theory Hurt feelings are a common occurrence in relationships; in one study, 60% of par-ticipants reported experiencing hurt feelings more than once a month, and 20% reported feeling hurt at least once a week (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundPain of Paying? A Metaphor Gone Literal: Evidence from Neural and Behavioral SciencePreprint
Mažar, N., Plaßmann, H., & Robitaille, N. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2901808 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bonenberger, M., Plener, P. L., Groschwitz, R. C., Grön, G., & Abler, B. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“, 1995) and the Hurt-Feeling-Scale (Leary and Springer, 2001).”
Spielmann, S. S., Maxwell, J. A., MacDonald, G., Peragine, D. E., & Impett, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519856701 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…romantic avoidance goals (adapted from Elliot, Gable, & Mapes, 2006), and a variety of constructs assessing interpersonal sensitivities, such as rejection sensitivity (Downey & Feldman, 1996), loneliness (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980), and hurt feelings proneness (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundHareli, S., & Heß, U. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701541641 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Communicated explanations for failure, causal attribution and emotions In general, messages are emotionally hurtful if they imply a relational devaluation (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansel, & Evans, 1998; Vangelisti, 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBüttner, C. M., Jauch, M., Marinucci, M., Williams, K. D., Greifeneder, R., Riva, P., & Rudert, S. C. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221140002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Hurt Proneness was measured using the six-items Hurt Proneness Scale (Leary & Springer, 2001) that assesses individual proneness and propensity in experiencing social pain (e.g., “My feelings are easily hurt”; 1 = not at all to 5 = very much; M = 3.42, SD = 0.82, Cronbach’s α = .81).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe optimal calibration hypothesis: how life history modulates the brain's social pain network
Chester, D. S., Pond, R. S., Richman, S. B., & DeWall, C. N. (2012) · Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnevo.2012.00010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For instance, when vividly recalling a past episode of social rejection, one might say that he or she felt “hurt” or “crushed” (Leary and Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundCultural Influences on the Causes and Experience of Hurt Feelings
Kowalski, R. M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cross-cultural models of mental hurt emotion clusters
Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk, B., & Wilson, P. A. (2021) · Cognitive linguistic studies in cultural contexts · doi:10.1075/clscc.14.07lew · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Slavich, G. M., Shields, G. S., Deal, B., Gregory, A. A., & Toussaint, L. L. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The OSFM is a seven-item scale that assesses a person’s level of forgiveness toward a specific person who has wronged the individual (see Supplementary Material).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialImplications of Reflected Appraisals of Interpersonal Insecurity for Suspicion and Power
Lemay, E. P., & Dudley, K. L. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209348380 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Participants completed a five-item measure of tendencies to experience hurt feelings (e.g., “My feelings are easily hurt,” “I am a sensitive person”; Leary & Springer, 2001; alpha = .82).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of social loss in animals: Some keys to the puzzle of psychic pain in humans.
Panksepp, J. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12351-001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
DeWall, C. N., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e633982013-008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rodriguez, A. C. I., Heldreth, C. M., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21575 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Participants’ hurt feelings were assessed using eight items from the Leary and Springer Hurt Feelings Scale (26), such as, “My feelings were hurt” (a 5 0.”
MethodInfluentialAn integrative contextual behavioral model of intimate relations
Kanter, J. W., Kuczynski, A. M., Manbeck, K. E., Corey, M. D., & Wallace, E. C. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Imagined future social pain hurts more now than imagined future physical pain
Chen, Z., & Williams, K. D. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1861 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Priem, J. S., McLaren, R. M., & Solomon, D. H. (2009) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650209351470 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Because of the documented sex differences in response to hurtful events (Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998), we conducted multigroup analyses to account for sex differences as we assessed model fit.”
BackgroundMethodMalejko, K., Neff, D., Brown, R. C., Plener, P. L., Bonenberger, M., Abler, B., & Graf, H. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00712-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Clarifying the Relationship Between Ostracism and Relational Devaluation
Gerber, J. P., & Wheeler, L. S. (2013) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2013.826619 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Couples Emotion Rating Form: psychometric properties and theoretical associations.
Sanford, K. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.411 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nergaard, K. (2018) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2018.1543650 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Leary and Springer (2001) describe hurt feelings as the acute emotional reactions that occur in response to such relational devaluations.”
BackgroundGender and Willingness to Confront Hurtful Messages from Romantic Partners
Miller, C. W., & Roloff, M. E. (2005) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463370500101378 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Development and validation of a new instrument to measure social pain
Stangier, U., Schüller, J. S., & Brähler, E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87351-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Miller, C. W., & Roloff, M. E. (2014) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2014.890118 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“As discussed previously, victims of hurtful messages often feel that they are devalued in the eyes of offenders and may feel that their relationships with offenders are threatened (e.g., Feeney, 2005; Leary & Leder, 2009; Leary & Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998; Shaver et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultMcLaren, R. M., & SILLARS, A. L. (2014) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.933244 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Research on hurtful messages and hurt feelings suggests that words and social acts can evoke emotional pain comparable to physical pain from bodily injury (Leary & Springer, 2000; Vangelisti & Hampel, 2010).”
BackgroundNot Simply “In Their Heads”: Individual Differences Associated With Victimization and Health1
Knack, J. M., Iyer, P. A., & Jensen‐Campbell, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00898.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Impact of partner phubbing on negative emotions: a daily diary study of mitigating factors
Frackowiak, M., Hilpert, P., & Russell, P. S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04401-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…has been argued to prompt feeling hurt, and promoting a surge in basic emotions, e.g., sadness and anger (Ren et al., 2018), especially in close relationships (e.g., Clark et al., 1996; Leary & Springer, 2001; Sanford, 2007), given that a fundamental human need for belonging is endangered.”
BackgroundSocial isolation, cognitive decline, and cardiovascular disease risk
White, C. N., VanderDrift, L. E., & Heffernan, K. S. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
McMillan, F. D. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gabarrell‐Pascuet, A., Lloret-Pineda, A., Franch-Roca, M., Mellor-Marsá, B., Alos-Belenguer, M. D. C., He, Y., Hafi, R. E., Villalobos, F., Bayes‐Marin, I., Aparicio, L., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294295 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Willer, E. K., & Cupach, W. R. (2008) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510970802473674 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Because mean and hurtful acts convey relational devaluation (Leary & Springer, 2001), they primarily pose a threat to positive face (Cupach & Carson, 2002).”
BackgroundMcLaren, R. M., & Pederson, J. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12072 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nichols, A. L., & Webster, G. D. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.043 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Prevalence, elicitors, and expression of anger in 21st century mass shootings
Fernandez, E., Callen, A., Johnson, S. L., Gaspar, C., Kulhanek, C., & Jose-Bueno, C. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101483 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Affective‐Social Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Core Emotional Feelings in Animals
Panksepp, J. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470384947.ch5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Autistic traits heighten sensitivity to rejection‐induced social pain
Lin, X., Zhuo, S., Liu, Z., Fan, J., & Peng, W. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14880 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Li, Y., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Mehmood, K. (2016) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-016-9493-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Balkundi, P., Wang, L., & Kishore, R. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2331 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Generally, dissolving ties can be stressful; this signals that focal individuals devalue their former alters (Leary & Springer, 2001; MacDonald & Leary, 2005).”
BackgroundUsing Appraisal Theory to Predict Emotional and Coping Responses to Hurtful Messages
Bippus, A. M., & Young, S. L. (2012) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v6i2.99 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As Leary and Springer (2001) noted, “The potential for hurt feelings motivates people to protect their social relationships and.”
BackgroundResultThe process of family member marginalization: Turning points experienced by “black sheep”
Hall, E. D. (2017) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12196 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Thinking the Unthinkable: Cognitive Appraisals and Hurt Feelings
Fitness, J., & Warburton, W. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.237 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“” Panksepp (2005) raised two caveats to some of the evidence presented in the target article (MacDonald & Leary, 2005) that were not therein discussed. The first relates to questions over the applicability of rat pup separation responses to other species, which we consider to be a potentially notable limitation. Of co…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWhen does feedback about success at school hurt? The role of causal attributions
Hareli, S., & Heß, U. (2008) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9059-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In addition, the beliefs that people have about hurtful events are highly pertinent in their own right as hurtful events have long-term consequences (Leary and Springer 2001) and the long-term consequences of emotional events tend to be more strongly influenced by the beliefs that people have about…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPredicting emotional reactions after being harmed by another
Lee, Y., Kam, C. C., & Bond, M. H. (2007) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2007.00215.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rejection: Resolving the Paradox of Emotional Numbness after Exclusion
DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Masicampo, E. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Expanding intimacy theory: Vulnerable disclosures and partner responding
Khalifian, C. E., & Barry, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519853047 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Relationship transgressions cause hurt feelings and vulnerability (Vangelisti, 2001) because the victim feels like the partner devalues the relationship (Leary & Springer, 2001).”
BackgroundApproaching the development of hurt feelings in childhood
Hardecker, D. J. K., & Haun, D. B. M. (2020) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100796 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shabahang, R., Aruguete, M. S., & Shim, H.-J. (2022) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000300 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., & Springer, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- ORCID
- Leary, Mark R.
- Venue
- Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships.
- Publisher
- American Psychological Association
- Published
- 2001
- Pages
- 151-175
- OpenAlex
- W2498370358
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- hurt feelings, emotions, emotional neglect, emotional expression
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