Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and YKL ‐40 as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Widespread implementation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical settings requires improved accuracy for diagnosis of prodromal disease and for distinguishing AD from non-AD dementias. Novel and promising CSF biomarkers include neurogranin, a marker of synaptic degeneration, and YKL-40, a marker of neuroinflammation. METHODS: CSF neurogranin and YKL-40 were measured in a cohort of 338 individuals including cognitively healthy controls and patients with stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI), MCI who later developed AD (MCI-AD), AD dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The diagnostic accuracy of neurogranin and YKL-40 were compared with the core AD biomarkers, β-amyloid (Aβ42 and Aβ40) and tau. RESULTS: Neurogranin levels were increased in AD and decreased in non-AD dementia compared with healthy controls. As a result, AD patients showed considerably higher CSF levels of neurogranin than DLB/PDD, VaD and FTD patients. CSF YKL-40 levels were increased in AD compared with DLB/PDD but not with VaD or FTD. Neither CSF neurogranin nor YKL-40 levels differed significantly between sMCI patients and MCI-AD patients. Both biomarkers correlated positively with CSF Aβ40 and tau. CSF neurogranin and YKL-40 could separate AD dementia from non-AD dementias (neurogranin, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.761; YKL-40, AUC = 0.604; Aβ42/neurogranin, AUC = 0.849; Aβ42/YKL-40, AUC = 0.785), but the diagnostic accuracy was not better compared to CSF Aβ and tau (Aβ42, AUC = 0.755; tau AUC = 0.858; Aβ42/tau, AUC = 0.895; Aβ42/Aβ40, AUC = 0.881). Similar results were obtained when separating sMCI from MCI-AD cases. INTERPRETATION: CSF neurogranin and YKL-40 do not improve the diagnostic accuracy of either prodromal AD or AD dementia when compared to the core CSF AD biomarkers. Nevertheless, the CSF level of neurogranin is selectively increased in AD dementia, whereas YKL-40 is increased in both AD and FTD suggesting that synaptic degeneration and glial activation may be important in these neurodegenerative conditions.
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Our findings on YKL-40 agree with previous data showing increased CSF levels of this protein in preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of AD.
“Our findings on YKL-40 agree with previous data showing increased CSF levels of this protein in preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of AD.21–24”
From CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Janelidze, S., Hertze, J., Zetterberg, H., Landqvist Waldö, M., Santillo, A., Blennow, K., & Hansson, O.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Memory Clinic Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Janelidze, Shorena
- Hansson, Oskar
- Venue
- Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-11-20
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-20
- ISSN
- 2328-9503 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4704480
- OpenAlex
- W2257675936
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 14.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Crafoordska Stiftelsen
- Hjärnfonden
- Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Keywords
- neurogranin, YKL-40, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, differential diagnosis of dementia, neuroinflammation, synaptic degeneration, amyloid-beta, tau protein, Parkinson's disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, diagnostic accuracy, combined biomarker detection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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