Modifying interpretation and imagination in clinical depression: a single case series using cognitive bias modification
Abstract
Abstract The current cognitive bias modification (CBM) paradigm targets interpretation bias (CBM‐I) in depression via promoting positive imagery. We investigated the impact of repeated sessions of this CBM‐I on interpretation bias, mood and mental health in participants currently experiencing a major depressive episode. Seven participants completed daily sessions of CBM‐I at home for one week in a single case series. Outcome measures were completed pre and post a one‐week baseline period, and after the week of daily CBM‐I. Depressive symptoms were also assessed at a 2‐week follow‐up. Four of seven participants demonstrated improvements in mood, bias and/or mental health after one week of CBM‐I, with improvements in depressive symptoms maintained at follow‐up. Discussion of the remaining three highlights difficulties involved in translating CBM‐I interventions from the laboratory to the clinic. To bridge this gap, we suggest that it is critical to examine the failures as well as the successes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Research has demonstrated the significance of biased attention and interpretation in the development and maintenance of psychopathology such as anxiety and depression.
“Research has indeed demonstrated the significance of biased attention and interpretation in the development and maintenance of psychopathology such as anxiety disorders and depression (e.g., Blackwell and Holmes 2010; De Raedt and Koster 2010).”
From Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Blackwell and Holmes 2010
Reducing interpretation bias resulted in reduced anxiety symptoms and depression levels in prior studies.
“Results of these particular studies indeed showed that reducing interpretation bias resulted in reduced anxiety symptoms (Beard and Amir 2008) and depression levels (Blackwell and Holmes 2010; Lang et al. 2012).”
From Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Blackwell and Holmes 2010
CBM-I has recently been considered a promising clinical tool with potential for boosting positive thoughts and thereby improving emotional symptoms.
“Cognitive bias modification training for interpretation bias (CBM-I) has recently been considered a promising clinical tool, e.g., see [33] with potential for boosting positive thoughts (i.e., positive or benign interpretations of ambiguous situations) and thereby improving emotional symptoms.”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [33]
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Self-citationBlackwell, S. E., Schönbrodt, F. D., Woud, M. L., Wannemüller, A., Bektas, B., Rodrigues, M. B., Hirdes, J., Stumpp, M. T., & Margraf, J. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003294 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMöbius, M., Tendolkar, I., Lohner, V., Baltussen, M., & Becker, E. S. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Biases in the Decision-Making Process
Ramos, V. J. (2018) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2978-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prediction of tinnitus masking benefit within a case series using a spiking neural network model
Durai, M., Sanders, P. J., Doborjeh, Z., Doborjeh, M., Wendt, A., Kasabov, N. K., & Searchfield, G. D. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.08.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vrijsen, J. N., Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., van Oostrom, I., Speckens, A. E. M., Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9563-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The use of cognitive bias modification and imagery in the understanding and treatment of depression.
Browning, M., Blackwell, S., & Holmes, E. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2012_212 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Patients With Chronic Pain
An, J., Wang, K.-S., Jung, Y., & Cho, S. (2019) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.10.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wong, S. F., & Grisham, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.06.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hales, S. A., & Fossey, J. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1348475 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Westermann, K., Woud, M. L., Cwik, J. C., Graz, C., Nyhuis, P. W., Margraf, J., & Blackwell, S. E. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationTraining to Inhibit Negative Content Affects Memory and Rumination
Daches, S., Mor, N., & Hertel, P. T. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10023-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cognitive bias modification to prevent depression (COPE): results of a randomised controlled trial
Basanovic, J., Grafton, B., Ford, A., Hirani, V., Glance, D., MacLeod, C., & Almeida, O. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002599 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pictet, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00043 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of an upright (vs. stooped) posture on interpretation bias, imagery, and emotions
Miragall, M., Borrego, A., Cebolla, A., Etchemendy, E., Navarro‐Siurana, J., Lloréns, R., Blackwell, S. E., & Baños, R. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101560 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationInducing positive involuntary mental imagery in everyday life: an experimental investigation
Blackwell, S. E., Dooley, D., Würtz, F., Woud, M. L., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1822413 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAnticipated and imagined futures: prospective cognition and depressed mood following brain injury
Murphy, F. C., Peers, P. V., Blackwell, S. E., Holmes, E. A., & Manly, T. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12202 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKrahé, C., Mathews, A., Whyte, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013404 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Blackwell, S. E., Westermann, K., Woud, M. L., Cwik, J. C., Neher, T., Graz, C., Nyhuis, P. W., & Margraf, J. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0325-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationImagery versus verbal interpretive cognitive bias modification for compulsive checking
Black, M. J., & Grisham, J. R. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A pilot study of interpretive cognitive bias modification for OCD
Black, M., & Grisham, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808718778969 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cognitive Bias Modification Training in Adolescents: Persistence of Training Effects
Belli, S. R., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9627-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blackwell, Simon E.
- Venue
- Applied Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-03-18
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 338-350
- ISSN
- 0888-4080 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0720
- OpenAlex
- W2120160461
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 20.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E000282/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, interpretation bias, major depressive disorder, major depressive episode, positive imagery, mood, mental health, home-based intervention
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