Cognitive Bias Modification Using Mental Imagery for Depression: Developing A Novel Computerized Intervention to Change Negative Thinking Styles
Open accessAbstract
Why do some people see their glass as half–empty rather than half–full or even imagine that the glass will be filled in the future? Experimental methods can illuminate how individual differences in information processing style can profoundly impact mood or even result in disorders such as depression. A computerized cognitive bias modification intervention targeting interpretation bias in depression via positive mental imagery (CBM–I) was evaluated by investigating its impact on mental health and cognitive bias compared with a control condition. Twenty–six depressed individuals completed either positive imagery–focussed CBM–I or a control condition daily at home over one week. Outcome measures were collected pre–treatment and post–treatment and at two–week follow–up. Individuals in the positive condition demonstrated significant improvements from pre–treatment to post–treatment in depressive symptoms, cognitive bias and intrusive symptoms compared with the control condition. Improvements in depressive symptoms at two–week follow–up were at trend level. The results of this first controlled comparison of positive imagery–focussed CBM–I for depression further support the clinical potential of CBM–I and the development of a novel computerized treatment that could help patients imagine a more positive future. Broader implications concern the modification of individual differences in personality variables via their interaction with key information processing targets. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Reducing interpretation bias resulted in reduced anxiety symptoms and depression levels in prior studies.
“Results of these particular studies indeed showed that reducing interpretation bias resulted in reduced anxiety symptoms (Beard and Amir 2008) and depression levels (Blackwell and Holmes 2010; Lang et al. 2012).”
From Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Lang et al. 2012
In Results (Post-treatment outcome analysis; page not provided), the positive CBM-I group showed reductions in interpretation bias and depressive symptoms compared with controls. Changes in bias and symptoms were correlated, but the authors say the small sample precluded mediation analysis. The paper therefore supports improvement in depression alongside reduced bias, not the stronger claim that reducing bias itself caused the improvement. The anxiety finding is attributed to Beard and Amir, not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Mental imagery, emotion and psychopathology across child and adolescent development
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Self-citationEfficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults
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Interpretation Bias Training in Depressed Adolescents: Near- and Far-Transfer Effects
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Beyond words: Sensory properties of depressive thoughts
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Hope for the Best or Prepare for the Worst? Towards a Spatial Cognitive Bias Test for Mice
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Exploring and Designing for Memory Impairments in Depression
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Thinking Back about a Positive Event: The Impact of Processing Style on Positive Affect
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Mindfulness, Interpretation Bias, and Levels of Anxiety and Depression: Two Mediation Studies
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Modification of Hostile Interpretation Bias in Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Using Neuroscience to Augment Behavioral Interventions for Depression
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Evidence on Technology-Based Psychological Interventions in Diagnosed Depression: Systematic Review
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- Authors
- Lang, T. J., Blackwell, S. E., Harmer, C. J., Davison, P., & Holmes, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Holmes, Emily A.
- Venue
- European Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-157
- ISSN
- 0890-2070 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0984
- PMC
- PMC3532611
- OpenAlex
- W2103791298
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 17.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Fellowship (WT088217)
- Royal Society
- National Institute for Health Research
- Lupina Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, mental imagery, depression, interpretation bias, positive mental imagery, computer-based intervention, cognitive biases, intrusion symptoms, depressive symptoms, information processing style, individual differences
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