Novel Dibenzofulvene‐Based NIR‐II Emission Phototheranostic Agent with an 82.6% Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photothermal Therapy
Abstract
Organic molecules with second near‐infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) emission have significant advantages over NIR‐I (600–900 nm) dyes, and have been widely used as phototheranostic agents (PTAs) and fluorescent probes. However, the two biggest challenges for such reagents are improving photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), and simplifying tedious synthetic procedures. Herein, different from the traditional NIR skeleton, for the first time, it develops two novel dibenzofulvene‐based NIR‐II emission PTAs via D‐π‐A concept with high PCEs through two simple synthetic steps. The increased intramolecular charge transfer effect and extended π‐conjugation effectively red‐shift their emissions to the NIR‐II region. In addition, the introduction of molecular rotors/vibrators and the formation of π–π stacking prompt the two PTAs to exhibit high PCEs. Notably, FE‐IDMN nanoparticles (FE‐IDMN NPs) achieve an exciting PCE of 82.6%, higher than most reported photothermal agents with NIR‐II emission. FE‐IDMN NPs also possess good colloidal, pH, and photothermal stabilities, as well as excellent photoacoustic response, which is further successfully applied for NIR‐II fluorescence/photoacoustic/photothermal imaging‐guided photothermal therapy. This work provides a simple strategy for constructing new D‐π‐A PTAs with low molecular weight, NIR‐II emission, and high PCE for cancer therapy.
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Cyano derivatives such as malononitrile are essential electron acceptors for designing NIR-II fluorescent probes.
“Cyano derivatives, such as malononitrile, are essential electron acceptors for designing NIR-II fluorescent probes”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
FE-IDMN exhibited a maximum emission wavelength of 1080 nm and an ultrahigh PCE of 72.9%.
“Li et al. developed a NIR-II photosensitizer (FE-IDMN), which exhibited a maximum emission wavelength of 1080 nm and an ultrahigh PCE of 72.9% (Fig. 25a)187.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
FE-IDMN NPs encapsulated with DSPE-PEG2000 achieved an even higher PCE of 82.6%.
“FE-IDMN NPs encapsulated with DSPE-PEG2000 achieved an even higher PCE of 82.6%.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
FE-IDMN NPs were successfully applied in NIR-II fluorescence/PA/photothermal multimodal imaging-guided PTT.
“Benefiting from the NIR-II emission property, FE-IDMN NPs were successfully applied in NIR-II fluorescence/PA/photothermal multimodal imaging-guided PTT.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, the tumor site temperature was elevated to 55 °C within 5 min, thereby achieving complete ablation of 4T1 tumors.
“Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, the tumor site temperature was elevated to 55 °C within 5 min, thereby achieving complete ablation of 4T1 tumors.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Ran, X., Zhou, D., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Xu, J., Chen, S., Kong, Q., Yu, X., & Li, K.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital C.T.) Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Xihua University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Kun
- Venue
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-11-12
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 8
- ISSN
- 1616-301X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-3028
- OpenAlex
- W4388616612
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 18
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Functional Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20308, 22077088)
- Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2022YFS0065, 2022YFG0103)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Keywords
- NIR-II emission, photothermal conversion efficiency, D-π-A structure, intramolecular charge transfer, molecular rotors, π-π stacking, photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence imaging, photothermal therapy, cancer therapy
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