Cited by 1,169Advanced Materials and MechanicsLiquid Crystal Research AdvancementsDielectric materials and actuators

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Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors

Ohm, Christian, Brehmer, Martin, Zentel, Rudolf·2010·Advanced Materials

DOI 10.1002/adma.200904059

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Abstract

This review collects recent developments in the field of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with an emphasis on their use for actuator and sensor applications. Several synthetic pathways leading to crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers are discussed and how these materials can be oriented into liquid crystalline monodomains are described. By comparing the actuating properties of different systems, general structure-property relationships for LCEs are obtained. In the final section, how these materials can be turned into usable devices using different interdisciplinary techniques are described.

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Takashima, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Osaki, M., & Harada, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1256-4_9 · Cited by 3
Electroactive Liquid Crystalline Polymers
Zentel, R., & Brehmer, M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53349-4.00204-1 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Electroactive polymers
Youssef, G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821078-9.00010-7 · Cited by 3
Confinement-Induced Fabrication of Liquid Crystalline Polymeric Fibers
Kim, J. G., Lee, J. G., & Wie, J. J. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27175639 · Cited by 3
A Historical Overview of Photomechanical Effects in Materials, Composites, and Systems
Ube, T., & Ikeda, T. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119123279.ch1 · Cited by 3
Light‐responsive Surface: Photodeformable Cross‐linked Liquid‐Crystalline Polymers Based on Photochemical Phase Transition
Qin, L., & Yu, Y. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527690534.ch1 · Cited by 3
Cross‐Linked Liquid‐Crystalline Polymers as Photomobile Materials
Ube, T., & Ikeda, T. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527822201.ch8 · Cited by 3
Solvent-free and one-step fast fabrication of a side-chain liquid crystalline network
Trinh, T. E., Ku, K., & Yeo, H. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.161699 · Cited by 2
Tunable shear thickening, aging, and rejuvenation in suspensions of shape-memory-endowed liquid crystalline particles
Chen, C., Narváez, C. D. V. M., Chang, N., Jimenez, C. M., Dennis, J. M., Jaeger, H. M., Rowan, S. J., & Pablo, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2425373122 · Cited by 2
Improved actuation of liquid crystal elastomers via solvent engineering
Choi, J.-S., Jeon, S., & Yu, W.-R. (2025) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114254 · Cited by 2
Computational optimization of director patterns in liquid crystal elastomers
Xu, T., Nguyen, T. D., & Guest, J. K. (2025) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106369 · Cited by 2
Light‐driven micro/nanobots
Vardhan, R. K., Kumar, M., & Xavier, J. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2025-0152 · Cited by 3
Synthesis, Mesophases, and Combined Thermal, Structural, and Spectroscopic Analysis of Photoresponsive Azobenzene Alkanoates ( 10OABOOC m )
Piwowarczyk, M., Deptuch, A., Drzewicz, A., Juszyńska‐Gałązka, E., Galewski, Z., Baran, S., & Gałązka, M. (2025) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c07033 · Cited by 2
Soft Active Polymers for Biomimetic Shape Morphing Wings
Yuan, C., Liu, C., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics11030189 · Cited by 2
“Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) represent a class of morphing polymers synthesized by integrating rigid liquid crystalline mesogens into a cross-linked polymer network [32–34].”
Spatially Decoupled Main‐Chain/Side‐Chain Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Synchronized Color‐Shape Responses
Li, L., Liu, D., Zhao, Y., You, X., Shi, L., & Yang, K. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.76888 · Cited by 2
Thermal Response Behavior of a Photo-Crosslinked Liquid Crystalline Polymer and a Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymer
Amanuma, R., Kobayashi, A., Iritani, K., & Yamashita, T. (2020) · Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology · doi:10.2494/photopolymer.33.71 · Cited by 2
Controlling permeation in electrically deforming liquid crystal network films: A dynamical Landau theory
Kusters, G. L. A., Tito, N. B., Storm, C., & van der Schoot, P. (2021) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.104.054701 · Cited by 2
Strain pattern search of photo-responsive strip using topology optimization method
Park, J., Chung, H., & Cho, M. (2021) · Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures · doi:10.1080/15376494.2021.1972370 · Cited by 2
“, shrinkage, bending, twisting) have been widely employed as building blocks of a various optomechanical elements such as self-folding mechanisms [2–3], mechanical devices [4], and the oscillatory system [5, 6].”
Method
Determination of the Elasticity Coefficients for Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Sargsyan, M. L., Gevorgyan, G. S., Hakobyan, M. R., & Hakobyan, R. S. (2022) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst12111654 · Cited by 2
Vibration of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer Spring Oscillator under Periodic Electrothermal Drive
Li, K., Lou, J., Hu, S., Dai, Y., Wang, F., & Yu, Y. C. (2023) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym15132822 · Cited by 2
“Generally, the response of LCE materials to these stimuli is rapid and reversible, and therefore LCE materials have a wide range of promising applications in many fields, such as artificial muscles [9], micro-systems and micro-electromechanical systems [10], actuators and sensors [11], energy harvesters [12], scalable…”
Background
4D-printed composite actuators
Delbart, R., Roumy, L., Harcourt, M., Robert, C., Touchard, F., Truong-Hoang, T. Q., & Martínez-Hergueta, F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15917-6.00005-0 · Cited by 2

Authors: Ohm, C., Brehmer, M., & Zentel, R.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Corresponding author: Zentel, Rudolf
ORCID: Brehmer, Martin
Zentel, Rudolf
Venue: Advanced Materials
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-08-04
Volume: 22
Issue: 31
Pages: 3366-3387
ISSN: 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
1521-4095
DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904059
OpenAlex: W2045022361
Cited by: 1,169
References: 142
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 8.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Advanced Materials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Liquid Crystal Research Advancements
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
Keywords: liquid crystal elastomers, actuators, sensors, polymer orientation, structure-property relationships, smart materials
MeSH terms: Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Elasticity, Structure-Activity Relationship, Elastomers, Biomimetics, Liquid Crystals, Analytic Sample Preparation Methods

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Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors

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