The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 142 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors
Abstract
This review collects recent developments in the field of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with an emphasis on their use for actuator and sensor applications. Several synthetic pathways leading to crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers are discussed and how these materials can be oriented into liquid crystalline monodomains are described. By comparing the actuating properties of different systems, general structure-property relationships for LCEs are obtained. In the final section, how these materials can be turned into usable devices using different interdisciplinary techniques are described.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The SMPs discussed in Section 2 and related soft robots are generally manufactured through standard fabrication techniques, such as shape extrusion, injection molding, laser cutting, or soft lithography [34,173,174].”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [173]
Citations
Cites
Optical Switching and Image Storage by Means of Azobenzene Liquid-Crystal Films
Ikeda, T., & Tsutsumi, O. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.268.5219.1873 · Cited by 1,549
Warner, M., & Terentjev, E. M. (2003) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198527671.001.0001 · Cited by 1,126
A New Opto-Mechanical Effect in Solids
Finkelmann, H., Nishikawa, E., Pereira, G. G., & Warner, M. (2001) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.87.015501 · Cited by 1,062
Photomobile Polymer Materials: Towards Light‐Driven Plastic Motors
Yamada, M., Kondo, M., Mamiya, J., Yu, Y., Kinoshita, M., Barrett, C. J., & Ikeda, T. (2008) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200800760 · Cited by 1,061
Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark
Camacho-Lopez, M. A., Finkelmann, H., Palffy‐Muhoray, P., & Shelley, M. (2004) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1118 · Cited by 1,009
Nematic liquid single crystal elastomers
Küpfer, J., & Finkelmann, H. (1991) · Die Makromolekulare Chemie Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.1991.030121211 · Cited by 977
Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal network actuators modularly driven by light
van Oosten, C. L., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., & Broer, D. J. (2009) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2487 · Cited by 976
Mirfakhrai, T., Madden, J. D. W., & Baughman, R. H. (2007) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(07)70048-2 · Cited by 929
Liquid crystal elastomers with mechanical properties of a muscle
Thomsen, D. L., Keller, P., Naciri, J., Pink, R., Jeon, H., Shenoy, D., & Ratna, B. R. (2001) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma001639q · Cited by 689
Anisotropic Bending and Unbending Behavior of Azobenzene Liquid‐Crystalline Gels by Light Exposure
Ikeda, T., Nakano, M., Yu, Y., Tsutsumi, O., & Kanazawa, A. (2003) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200390045 · Cited by 604
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 142 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Finkelmann H., 1994, Trends Polym. Sci., 2, 116
- de Gennes P. G., 1975, C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. B, 281, 101
- Ringsdorf H., 1991, Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecules, 211
- 10.1021/ja990962 · DOI
- 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(20000501)201:8<911::AID-MACP911>3.0.CO;2-9 · DOI
- Wermter H., 2001, e‐Polymers, 013
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
Geng, Y., & Lagerwall, J. P. F. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202301414 · Cited by 72
Ohm, C., Morys, M., Forst, F. R., Braun, L., Eremin, A., Serra, C. A., Stannarius, R., & Zentel, R. (2011) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c1sm05111c · Cited by 73
Self-citationBlock copolymers in electric fields
Pester, C. W., Liedel, C., Ruppel, M., & Böker, A. (2016) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.04.005 · Cited by 70
Huang, S., Huang, Y., & Li, Q. (2021) · Small Structures · doi:10.1002/sstr.202100038 · Cited by 71
Soft Elasticity in Main Chain Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Dey, S., Agra-Kooijman, D. M., Ren, W., McMullan, P. J., Griffin, A. C., & Kumar, S. (2013) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst3020363 · Cited by 71
“, in artificial muscles [1–4], shape memory [5–8], soft elasticity [9–11], thermo-mechanical actuation [1,12–15], sensors [16], and other applications [17,18].”
BackgroundPhotosensitive chiral self-assembling materials: significant effects of small lateral substituents
Cigl, M., Bubnov, A. M., Kašpar, M., Hampl, F., Hamplová, V., Pacherová, O., & Svoboda, J. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c6tc01103a · Cited by 71
Stimuli‐Responsive Polymers for Actuation
Zhang, Q. M., & Serpe, M. J. (2017) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.201601187 · Cited by 71
Liquid crystalline epoxy networks with exchangeable disulfide bonds
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Rios, O. R., Keum, J. K., & Kessler, M. R. (2017) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c7sm00934h · Cited by 71
Development of Direct-Laser-Printable Light-Powered Nanocomposites
Chen, L., Dong, Y., Tang, C. Y., Zhong, L., Law, W., Tsui, C. P., Yang, Y., & Xie, X. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.9b05871 · Cited by 71
Varied Alignment Methods and Versatile Actuations for Liquid Crystal Elastomers: A Review
Zhao, J., Zhang, L., & Hu, J. Q. (2021) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202100065 · Cited by 69
Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Based on Click Chemistry
Li, Y., Liu, T., Ambrogi, V., Rios, O. R., Xia, M., He, W., & Yang, Z. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c21096 · Cited by 69
4D printing: A detailed review of materials, techniques, and applications
Joharji, L., Mishra, R., Alam, F., Tytov, S., Al‐Modaf, F., & El‐Atab, N. (2022) · Microelectronic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mee.2022.111874 · Cited by 73
Photo-responsive liquid crystalline epoxy networks with exchangeable disulfide bonds
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Rios, O. R., Keum, J. K., & Kessler, M. R. (2017) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c7ra06343a · Cited by 71
High performance and tunable artificial muscle based on two-way shape memory polymer
Fan, J., & Li, G. (2017) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c6ra25024f · Cited by 68
Magnet-induced aligning magnetorheological elastomer based on ultra-soft matrix
Yao, J., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Fu, Q., Xiong, Z., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Composites Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.04.036 · Cited by 68
Body‐temperature s hape‐shifting liquid crystal elastomers
Shaha, R. K., Torbati, A. H. H. N., & Frick, C. P. (2020) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.50136 · Cited by 68
Multimaterial Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Integrated Stretchable Electronics
Vinciguerra, M. R., Patel, D. K., Zu, W., Tavakoli, M., Majidi, C., & Yao, L. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.2c23028 · Cited by 69
Magnetically Controlled Millipede Inspired Soft Robot for Releasing Drugs on Target Area in Stomach
Yang, W., Wang, X., Ge, Z., & Yu, H. (2024) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2024.3372467 · Cited by 68
“I N RECENT years, soft materials [1], [2], [3], [4] that respond to external stimuli such as light [5], [6], [7], [8], magnetic [9], [10], [11], humidity [12], [13], electricity [14], [15] and PH [16], [17] have emerged.”
Background3D Microfabrication using Stimuli-Responsive Self-Folding Polymer Films
Ionov, L. (2013) · Journal of macromolecular science. Part C, Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics/Journal of macromolecular science. Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics · doi:10.1080/15583724.2012.751923 · Cited by 68
Novel liquid crystal photonic devices enabled by two-photon polymerization [Invited]
He, Z., Tan, G., Chanda, D., & Wu, S.-T. T. (2019) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.27.011472 · Cited by 68
Zhang, W., Tian, H., Liu, T., Liu, H., Zhao, F., Li, X., Wang, C., Chen, X., & Shao, J. (2023) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d3mh00070b · Cited by 67
Fiber Actuators Based on Reversible Thermal Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer
Tian, X., Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Ivasishin, O. M., Jia, J., & Yan, J. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202306952 · Cited by 68
Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen-Functionalized Liquid Crystal Elastomer Soft Actuators
Liu, L., Wang, M., Guo, L., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Lin, B., & Yang, H. (2018) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00677 · Cited by 67
Liquid Crystals with Interfacial Ordering that Enhances Responsiveness to Chemical Targets
Nayani, K., Rai, P., Bao, N., Yu, H., Mavrikakis, M., Twieg, R. J., & Abbott, N. L. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706707 · Cited by 66
The effect of alignment on the rate-dependent behavior of a main-chain liquid crystal elastomer
Martin-Linares, C. P., Traugutt, N. A., Saed, M. O., Linares, A. M., Yakacki, C. M., & Nguyen, T. D. (2020) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/d0sm00125b · Cited by 65
The engineered eyeball, a tunable imaging system using soft-matter micro-optics
Petsch, S., Schuhladen, S., Dreesen, L., & Zappe, H. P. (2016) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/lsa.2016.68 · Cited by 65
Review of Soft Linear Actuator and the Design of a Dielectric Elastomer Linear Actuator
Cao, X., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., Xiao, Y., & Li, T. (2019) · Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica · doi:10.1007/s10338-019-00112-8 · Cited by 65
“Some studies focused on the liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE), a typical reversible SMP or the so-called shape changing polymer (SCP) relying on the orientation of crystalline when heated [46, 47].”
BackgroundNoack, M., Merindol, R., Zhu, B., Benítez, A., Hackelbusch, S., Beckert, F., Seiffert, S., Mülhaupt, R., & Walther, A. (2017) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201700767 · Cited by 64
Zhang, C., Fei, G., Lu, X., Xia, H., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202307210 · Cited by 64
Stimuli-responsive liquid crystal elastomers for dynamic cell culture
Agrawal, A., Adetiba, O., Kim, H., Chen, H., Jacot, J. G., & Verduzco, R. (2015) · Journal of materials research/Pratt's guide to venture capital sources · doi:10.1557/jmr.2014.392 · Cited by 65
Liquid Crystalline Networks toward Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Repair
Martella, D., Paoli, P., Pioner, J. M., Sacconi, L., Coppini, R., Santini, L., Lulli, M., Cerbai, E., Wiersma, D. S., Poggesi, C., et al. (2017) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201702677 · Cited by 64
Interfacial Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Dual Temperature Responsive Actuating Janus Particles
Hessberger, T., Braun, L. B., & Zentel, R. (2018) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201800629 · Cited by 64
Self-citationA Liquid Crystal Elastomer‐Based Unprecedented Two‐Way Shape‐Memory Aerogel
Wang, M., Song, Y., Bisoyi, H. K., Yang, J., Liu, L., Yang, H., & Li, Q. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202102674 · Cited by 62
Ohm, C., Fleischmann, E., Kraus, I., Serra, C. A., & Zentel, R. (2010) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201001178 · Cited by 62
Self-citationYang, R., & Zhao, Y. (2018) · ACS Macro Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00089 · Cited by 63
Ni, B., Xie, H., Tang, J., Zhang, H., & Chen, E. (2016) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c6cc04199j · Cited by 62
A Humidity-Powered Soft Robot with Fast Rolling Locomotion
Fu, L., Zhao, W., Ma, J., Yang, M., Liu, X., Zhang, L., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Research · doi:10.34133/2022/9832901 · Cited by 62
Structured Optical Materials Controlled by Light
Nocentini, S., Martella, D., Parmeggiani, C., Zanotto, S., & Wiersma, D. S. (2018) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201800167 · Cited by 62
3D Printed Photoresponsive Materials for Photonics
Nocentini, S., Martella, D., Parmeggiani, C., & Wiersma, D. S. (2019) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201900156 · Cited by 61
A Review on Liquid Crystal Polymers in Free-Standing Reversible Shape Memory Materials
Wen, Z., Yang, K., & Raquez, J. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25051241 · Cited by 64
“(c) Chemical structures of common liquid crystal monomers [2,3,11,14,15].”
BackgroundMethodOne‐Pot Synthesis of Melt‐Processable Supramolecular Soft Actuators
Lugger, S. J. D., Mulder, D. J., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202115166 · Cited by 61
Yue, X., Chen, D., Wang, Y., Cui, Z., Ren, Z., & Guan, Z. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.141290 · Cited by 61
Bera, T., Freeman, E. J., McDonough, J. A., Clements, R. J., Aladlaan, A., Miller, D. W., Malcuit, C. M., Hegmann, T., & Hegmann, E. (2015) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5b04208 · Cited by 63
Azobenzene-based polymers: emerging applications as cell culture platforms
Fedele, C., Netti, P. A., & Cavalli, S. (2018) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/c8bm00019k · Cited by 61
Laser Programmable Patterning of RGO/GO Janus Paper for Multiresponsive Actuators
Ma, J., Mao, J., Han, D., Fu, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201900554 · Cited by 60
Internal constraints and arrested relaxation in main-chain nematic elastomers
Ohzono, T., Katoh, K., Minamikawa, H., Saed, M. O., & Terentjev, E. M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21036-3 · Cited by 61
Martella, D., Antonioli, D., Nocentini, S., Wiersma, D. S., Galli, G., Laus, M., & Parmeggiani, C. (2017) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c7ra03224b · Cited by 60
Transesterification in Epoxy–Thiol Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Gablier, A., Saed, M. O., & Terentjev, E. M. (2020) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01757 · Cited by 62
Chen, Z., Cao, R., Ye, S., Ge, Y., Tu, Y., & Yang, X. (2017) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.119 · Cited by 59
Beam steering by liquid crystal elastomer fibres
Nocentini, S., Martella, D., Wiersma, D. S., & Parmeggiani, C. (2017) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c7sm02063e · Cited by 59
Gait switching and targeted navigation of microswimmers via deep reinforcement learning
Zou, Z., Liu, Y., Young, Y., Pak, O. S., & Tsang, A. C. H. (2022) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-022-00935-x · Cited by 58
Programming actuation onset of a liquid crystalline elastomer via isomerization of network topology
Chen, G., Feng, H., Zhou, X., Gao, F., Zhou, K., Huang, Y., Jin, B., Xie, T., & Zhao, Q. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42594-8 · Cited by 64
Liquid crystal functionalization of electrospun polymer fibers
Kim, D. K., Hwang, M., & Lagerwall, J. P. F. (2013) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.23285 · Cited by 58
Responsive Shape Change of Sub-5 nm Thin, Janus Polymer Nanoplates
Qi, H., Zhou, T., Mei, S., Chen, X., & Li, C. Y. (2016) · ACS Macro Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00251 · Cited by 58
Microfabrication Using Shape‐Transforming Soft Materials
Apsite, I., Biswas, A., Li, Y., & Ionov, L. (2020) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201908028 · Cited by 59
Feng, X., Wang, L., Xue, Z., Xie, C. T., Han, J., Pei, Y., Zhang, Z. B., Guo, W., & Lu, B. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk3854 · Cited by 57
Wen, Z., Liu, D., Li, X., Zhu, C., Shao, R., Visvanathan, R., Clark, N. A., Yang, K., & Wang, Y. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b05280 · Cited by 58
Advances in Cell Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: The Value of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Martella, D., & Parmeggiani, C. (2018) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201800477 · Cited by 58
Polymer actuators based on covalent adaptable networks
Wu, Y., Wei, Y., & Ji, Y. (2020) · Polymer Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0py00075b · Cited by 57
Electrothermally driven structural colour based on liquid crystal elastomers
Jiang, Y. X., Xu, D., Li, X., Lin, C., Li, W., An, Q., Tao, C.-A., Tang, H., & Li, G. (2012) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2jm30176h · Cited by 56
Controlled Shape Memory Behavior of a Smectic Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomer
Li, Y., Pruitt, C., Rios, O. R., Wei, L., Rock, M., Keum, J. K., McDonald, A. G., & Kessler, M. R. (2015) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00519 · Cited by 57
Scientific developments of liquid crystal-based optical memory: a review
Prakash, J., Chandran, A., & Biradar, A. M. (2016) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/016601 · Cited by 56
Engineering of Complex Order and the Macroscopic Deformation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks
de Haan, L. T., Sánchez‐Somolinos, C., Bastiaansen, C. W. M., Schenning, A. P. H. J., & Broer, D. J. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201205964 · Cited by 58
Highly Durable and Tough Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Annapooranan, R., Wang, Y., & Cai, S. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c20707 · Cited by 56
Template‐Based Fabrication of Nanometer‐Scaled Actuators from Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers
Ohm, C., Haberkorn, N., Théato, P., & Zentel, R. (2010) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201001315 · Cited by 55
Self-citationMamiya, J., Kuriyama, A., Yokota, N., Yamada, M., & Ikeda, T. (2015) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201406299 · Cited by 57
Room Temperature Rapid Photoresponsive Azobenzene Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymer
Petr, M., & Hammond, P. T. (2011) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma2013173 · Cited by 55
Three-Dimensional Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Their Applications
Wang, Z., Guo, Y., Cai, S., & Yang, J. (2022) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.1c01598 · Cited by 55
A Multimodal Self‐Propelling Tensegrity Structure
Liu, C., Li, K., Yu, X., Yang, J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202314093 · Cited by 54
A Novel Side‐Chain Liquid Crystal Elastomer Exhibiting Anomalous Reversible Shape Change
Yin, L., Han, L., Ge, F., Tong, X., Zhang, W., Soldera, A., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202003904 · Cited by 54
Wang, L., Liu, W., Guo, L.-X., Lin, B.-P., Zhang, X.-Q., Sun, Y., & Yang, H. (2017) · Polymer Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c6py02096h · Cited by 53
Hu, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, T., & Lv, J. (2022) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101449 · Cited by 54
4D printing for biomedical applications
Mandal, A., & Chatterjee, K. (2024) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d4tb00006d · Cited by 58
Visualisation and characterisation of heterogeneous bimodal PDMS networks
Madsen, F. B., Daugaard, A. E., Fleury, C., Hvilsted, S., & Skov, A. L. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c3ra47522k · Cited by 52
Zhong, H.-Y., Chen, L., Yang, R., Meng, Z.-Y., Ding, X., Liu, X.-F., & Wang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c6tc05493e · Cited by 52
Ellingford, C., Bowen, C., McNally, T., & Wan, C. (2018) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.201800340 · Cited by 53
Liquid Crystal‐Induced Myoblast Alignment
Martella, D., Pattelli, L., Matassini, C., Ridi, F., Bonini, M., Paoli, P., Baglioni, P., Wiersma, D. S., & Parmeggiani, C. (2019) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201801489 · Cited by 52
Electrically driven liquid crystal network actuators
Xiao, Y., Jiang, Z., Hou, J., Chen, X., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/d2sm00544a · Cited by 51
Chiral Liquid Crystalline Elastomer for Twisting Motion without Preset Alignment of Mesogens
Yin, L., Miao, T.-F., Cheng, X., Jiang, Z., Tong, X., Zhang, W., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · ACS Macro Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00286 · Cited by 51
Yang, Z., Yang, Y., Liang, H., He, E., Xu, H., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Wei, Y., & Ji, Y. J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54233-x · Cited by 51
Photoswitchable Hydrogel Surface Topographies by Polymerisation‐Induced Diffusion
Stumpel, J. E., Liu, D., Broer, D. J., & Schenning, A. P. H. J. (2013) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201300852 · Cited by 51
A Nanohelicoidal Nematic Liquid Crystal Formed by a Non‐Linear Duplexed Hexamer
Mandle, R. J., & Goodby, J. W. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201802881 · Cited by 51
Ditter, D., Blümler, P., Klöckner, B., Hilgert, J., & Zentel, R. (2019) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201902454 · Cited by 52
Self-citationLiquid crystal elastomer actuator with serpentine locomotion
Wang, M., Hu, X.-B., Zuo, B., Huang, S., Chen, X., & Yang, H. (2020) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d0cc02823a · Cited by 51
Krishnan, A., Roy, S., & Menon, S. (2022) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111224 · Cited by 54
From Molecules to Machines: A Multiscale Roadmap to Intelligent, Multifunctional Soft Robotics
Li, Y., Schreiber, S., Yang, H., Liu, M., Little, J. M., Cao, W., Luo, Y., Bao, Y., Shih, C., Bai, H., et al. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00972 · Cited by 53
Photo-responsive polymers: properties, synthesis and applications
Cui, J., & del Campo, A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857097026.1.93 · Cited by 50
Photomechanical vibration energy harvesting based on liquid crystal elastomer cantilever
Zhao, D. Y., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ab15ab · Cited by 50
Actuation Mechanisms and Applications for Soft Robots: A Comprehensive Review
Li, W., Hu, D., & Yang, L. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13169255 · Cited by 49
Inhomogeneous stretch induced patterning of molecular orientation in liquid crystal elastomers
Ahn, C., Liang, X., & Cai, S. (2015) · Extreme Mechanics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.eml.2015.09.007 · Cited by 49
“stimuli have been observed in experiments [29–31].”
Bubnov, A. M., Domenici, V., Hamplová, V., Kašpar, M., & Zalar, B. (2011) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.07.046 · Cited by 49
Phase-change hybrids for thermo-responsive sensors and actuators
Jin, Y., Kim, B. S., Lee, W., Lee, C., Kim, H.-J., Song, K., Jang, S., & Kwak, G. (2014) · NPG Asia Materials · doi:10.1038/am.2014.94 · Cited by 49
A cut-and-paste strategy towards liquid crystal elastomers with complex shape morphing
Chen, L., Wang, M., Guo, L., Lin, B., & Yang, H. (2018) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c8tc01236a · Cited by 49
Uchida, J., Yoshio, M., & Kato, T. (2021) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d0sc06676a · Cited by 50
Li, S., Librandi, G., Yao, Y., Richard, A. J., Schneider‐Yamamura, A., Aizenberg, J., & Bertoldi, K. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202105024 · Cited by 51
Greco, F., Domenici, V., Desii, A., Sinibaldi, E., Župančič, B., Zalar, B., Mazzolai, B., & Mattoli, V. (2013) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c3sm51153g · Cited by 49
Mechano-Actuated Light-Responsive Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Cho, E.-H., Luu, K., & Park, S. (2021) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00088 · Cited by 47
Li, Y., Teixeira, Y., Parlato, G., Grace, J., Wang, F., Huey, B. D., & Wang, X. S. (2022) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/d2sm00876a · Cited by 47
Nutritional value and end-use quality of durum wheat
Saini, P., Kaur, H., Tyagi, V., Saini, P. K., Ahmed, N., Dhaliwal, H. S., & Sheikh, I. (2022) · Cereal Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s42976-022-00305-x · Cited by 47
“Besides the grain protein content, Gpc-B1 loci are linked with increased iron and zinc concentration (Uauy et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialA hydrogel‐forming liquid crystalline elastomer exhibiting soft shape memory
Torbati, A. H. H. N., & Mather, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.23892 · Cited by 47
Metadata
- Authors
- Ohm, C., Brehmer, M., & Zentel, R.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zentel, Rudolf
- Venue
- Advanced Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 3366-3387
- ISSN
- 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4095
- OpenAlex
- W2045022361
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Liquid Crystal Research Advancements
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Dielectric materials and actuators
- Keywords
- liquid crystal elastomers, actuators, sensors, polymer orientation, structure-property relationships, smart materials
- MeSH terms
- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Elasticity, Structure-Activity Relationship, Elastomers, Biomimetics, Liquid Crystals, Analytic Sample Preparation Methods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review