Rational Design of Better Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: A Review

Liu, Fan; Shi, Chengxiang; Guo, Xiaolei; He, Zexing; Pan, Lun; Huang, Zhen‐Feng; Zhang, Xiangwen; Zou, Ji‐Jun

doi:10.1002/advs.202200307

Cited by 455Electrocatalysts for Energy ConversionCO2 Reduction Techniques and CatalystsFuel Cells and Related Materials

Rational Design of Better Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: A Review

Open access

Liu, Fan, Shi, Chengxiang, Guo, Xiaolei, He, Zexing, Pan, Lun, Huang, Zhen‐Feng, Zhang, Xiangwen, Zou, Ji‐Jun·2022·Advanced Science

DOI 10.1002/advs.202200307PMC PMC9218766

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The excessive dependence on fossil fuels contributes to the majority of CO 2 emissions, influencing on the climate change. One promising alternative to fossil fuels is green hydrogen, which can be produced through water electrolysis from renewable electricity. However, the variety and complexity of hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts currently studied increases the difficulty in the integration of catalytic theory, catalyst design and preparation, and characterization methods. Herein, this review first highlights design principles for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts, presenting the thermodynamics, kinetics, and related electronic and structural descriptors for HER. Second, the reasonable design, preparation, mechanistic understanding, and performance enhancement of electrocatalysts are deeply discussed based on intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Third, recent advancements in the electrocatalytic water splitting technology are further discussed briefly. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the development of highly efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts for water splitting are proposed.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/advs.202200307

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

High costs and limited availability of Pt have motivated researchers to explore strategies for electrocatalysts with reduced Pt content.
“High costs and limited availability of Pt have motivated researchers to explore various strategies for the development of electrocatalysts with reduced Pt content.[10–13]”
From Synthesis of Pt Carbon Aerogel Electrocatalysts with Multiscale Porosity Derived from Cellulose and Chitosan Biopolymer Aerogels via Supercritical Deposition for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
The review’s “Strategies to Improve HER Electrocatalysts > Intrinsic Effect” section discusses cost reduction through Pt-based alloys and gives an example of a low-Pt-content catalyst. Its “Applications of HER Electrocatalysts” section also says expensive precious-metal catalysts increase costs. The passages do not establish limited Pt availability as a motivation, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Computational high-throughput screening of electrocatalytic materials for hydrogen evolution
Greeley, J., Jaramillo, T. F., Bonde, J., Chorkendorff, I., & Nørskov, J. K. (2006) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1752 · Cited by 4,097 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Using Nanoparticles
Zhu, J., Hu, L., Zhao, P., Lee, L. Y. S., & Wong, K.-Y. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00248 · Cited by 3,133 · see citing works
Self-Supported Nanoporous Cobalt Phosphide Nanowire Arrays: An Efficient 3D Hydrogen-Evolving Cathode over the Wide Range of pH 0–14
Tian, J., Liu, Q., Asiri, A. M., & Sun, X. (2014) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja503372r · Cited by 2,373 · see citing works
Improving the hydrogen oxidation reaction rate by promotion of hydroxyl adsorption
Strmcnik, D., Uchimura, M., Wang, C., Subbaraman, R., Danilovic, N., van der Vliet, D., Paulikas, A. P., Stamenkovic, V. R., & Markovic, N. M. (2013) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.1574 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from the [NiFe] Hydrogenase to the Ni 2 P(001) Surface: The Importance of Ensemble Effect
Liu, P., & Rodriguez, J. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0540019 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Correlating hydrogen oxidation and evolution activity on platinum at different pH with measured hydrogen binding energy
Sheng, W., Zhuang, Z., Gao, M., Zheng, J., Chen, J. G., & Yan, Y. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6848 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Metallic nanostructures with low dimensionality for electrochemical water splitting
Li, L., Wang, P., Shao, Q., & Huang, X. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d0cs00013b · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Molybdenum Phosphosulfide: An Active, Acid‐Stable, Earth‐Abundant Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Kibsgaard, J., & Jaramillo, T. F. (2014) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201408222 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Tuning the MoS 2 Edge-Site Activity for Hydrogen Evolution via Support Interactions
Tsai, C., Abild-Pedersen, F., & Nørskov, J. K. (2014) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl404444k · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Engineering the Coordination Environment of Single‐Atom Platinum Anchored on Graphdiyne for Optimizing Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Yin, X., Wang, H., Tang, S., Lu, X., Shu, M., Si, R., & Lu, T. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201804817 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Nanostructured Co2P Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Direct Comparison with Morphologically Equivalent CoP
Callejas, J. F., Read, C. G., Popczun, E. J., McEnaney, J. M., & Schaak, R. E. (2015) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01284 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Oxygen‐Functionalized Ultrathin Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Jiang, Y., Sun, T., Xie, X., Jiang, W., Li, J., Tian, B., & Su, C. (2019) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201803032 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Boron‐Induced Electronic‐Structure Reformation of CoP Nanoparticles Drives Enhanced pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution
Cao, E., Chen, Z., Wu, H., Yu, P., Wang, Y., Xiao, F., Chen, S., Du, S., Xie, Y., Wu, Y., et al. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201915254 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Engineering Platinum–Cobalt Nano-alloys in Porous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Zhang, S. L., Lu, X. F., Wu, Z., Luan, D., & Lou, X. W. (. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202106547 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Single atom Ru doping 2H-MoS2 as highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in a wide pH range
Wang, J., Fang, W., Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Dang, J., Wu, Y., Chen, B., Zhao, H., & Li, Z. (2021) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120490 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
In Situ Formed Pt 3 Ti Nanoparticles on a Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbide (MXene) Used as Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Li, Z., Qi, Z., Wang, S., Ma, T., Zhou, L., Wu, Z., Luan, X., Lin, F.-Y., Chen, M., Miller, J. T., et al. (2019) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01381 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Tuning d-band center of tungsten carbide via Mo doping for efficient hydrogen evolution and Zn–H2O cell over a wide pH range
Wang, L., Li, Z., Wang, K., Dai, Q., Lei, C., Yang, B., Zhang, Q., Lei, L., Leung, M. K. H., & Hou, Y. (2020) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104850 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Platinum single-atom and cluster anchored on functionalized MWCNTs with ultrahigh mass efficiency for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Ji, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, L., Liu, C., Gao, X., Sun, M., Zheng, J., Ling, M., Liang, C., & Lin, Z. (2019) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.06.045 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Low‐Iridium‐Content IrNiTa Metallic Glass Films as Intrinsically Active Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Wang, Z., Li, M., Yu, J., Ge, X., Liu, Y., & Wang, W. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201906384 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
RuRh Bimetallene Nanoring as High‐efficiency pH‐Universal Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Mu, X., Gu, J., Feng, F., Xiao, Z., Chen, C., Liu, S., & Mu, S. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202002341 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Weakening Intermediate Bindings on CuPd/Pd Core/shell Nanoparticles to Achieve Pt‐Like Bifunctional Activity for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Xie, H., Chen, S., Liang, J., Wang, T., Hou, Z., Wang, H., Chai, G., & Li, Q. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202100883 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
In-situ generation of Ru-catechol coordinative polymer precursor for high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction doped carbon catalyst
Wu, T., Hong, J., Lu, Z., Wu, H., Wu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, X., Zeng, B., Xu, Y., Chen, G., et al. (2021) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119795 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
pH universal Ru@N-doped carbon catalyst for efficient and fast hydrogen evolution
Zheng, B., Ma, L., Li, B., Chen, D., Li, X., He, J., Xie, J., Robert, M., & Lau, T.-C. (2020) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/c9cy02552a · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 294

[1]a) R. Gao, J. Wang, Z.‐F. Huang, R. Zhang, W. Wang, L. Pan, J. Zhang, W. Zhu, X. Zhang, C. Shi, J. Lim, J.‐J. Zou, Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 614; b) Z. F. Huang, J. Song, K. Li, M. Tahir, Y. T. Wang, L. Pan, L. Wang, X. Zhang, J.‐J. Zou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1359; 26777119 c) D. Liu, X. Li, S. Chen, H. Yan, C. Wang, C. Wu, Y. A. Haleem, S. Duan, J. Lu, B. Ge, P. M. Ajayan, Y. Luo, J. Jiang, L. Song, Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 512; d) J. N. Tiwari, S. Sultan, C. W. Myung, T. Yoon, N. Li, M. Ha, A. M. Harzandi, H. J. Park, D. Y. Kim, S. S. Chandrasekaran, W. G. Lee, V. Vij, H. Kang, T. J. Shin, H. S. Shin, G. Lee, Z. Lee, K. S. Kim, Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 773.
[2]M. Kim, M. A. R. Anjum, M. Lee, B. J. Lee, J. S. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1809151.
[3]X. Hai, K. Chang, H. Pang, M. Li, P. Li, H. Liu, L. Shi, J. Ye, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 14962. 27788578
[4]H. Li, S. Chen, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, X. Jia, Q. Zhang, L. Gu, X. Sun, L. Song, X. Wang, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2452. 29934572 PMC6014975
[5]D. Merki, X. Hu, Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3878.
[6]Q. Qin, H. Jang, P. Li, B. Yuan, X. Liu, J. Cho, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803312.
[7]R. Ge, J. Huo, T. Liao, Y. Liu, M. Zhu, Y. Li, J. Zhang, W. Li, Appl. Catal., B 2020, 260, 118196.
[8]H. Li, M. Hu, L. Zhang, L. Huo, P. Jing, B. Liu, R. Gao, J. Zhang, B. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003198.
[9]Y. Feng, T. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Fan, C. He, J. Song, Small 2020, 16, 2002850. 32686314
[10]H. Yoon, H. J. Song, B. Ju, D.‐W. Kim, Nano Res. 2020, 13, 2469.
[11]Y. Sun, Z. Xue, Q. Liu, Y. Jia, Y. Li, K. Liu, Y. Lin, M. Liu, G. Li, C. Y. Su, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1369. 33649349 PMC7921655
[12]C. Jian, W. Hong, Q. Cai, J. Li, W. Liu, Appl. Catal., B 2020, 266, 118649.
[13]K. Eiler, S. Suriñach, J. Sort, E. Pellicer, Appl. Catal., B 2020, 265, 118597.
[14]M. Mohiuddin, A. Zavabeti, F. Haque, A. Mahmood, R. S. Datta, N. Syed, M. W. Khan, A. Jannat, K. Messalea, B. Y. Zhang, G. Chen, H. Zhang, J. Z. Ou, N. Mahmood, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 2789.
[15]M. Liu, J. A. Wang, W. Klysubun, G. G. Wang, S. Sattayaporn, F. Li, Y. W. Cai, F. Zhang, J. Yu, Y. Yang, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5260. 34489450 PMC8421379
[16]D. Zhao, Z. Zhuang, X. Cao, C. Zhang, Q. Peng, C. Chen, Y. Li, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 2215. 32133461
[17]H. F. Wang, L. Chen, H. Pang, S. Kaskel, Q. Xu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 1414. 32039429
[18]H. Sun, Z. Yan, F. Liu, W. Xu, F. Cheng, J. Chen, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1806326. 30932263
[19]J. Zhu, L. Hu, P. Zhao, L. Y. S. Lee, K. Y. Wong, Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 851. 31657904
[20]C. Hu, L. Zhang, J. Gong, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 2620.
[21]C. Wei, R. R. Rao, J. Peng, B. Huang, I. E. L. Stephens, M. Risch, Z. J. Xu, Y. Shao‐Horn, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1806296. 30656754
[22]S. Sultan, J. N. Tiwari, A. N. Singh, S. Zhumagali, M. Ha, C. W. Myung, P. Thangavel, K. S. Kim, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900624.
[23]Y. Guo, T. Park, J. W. Yi, J. Henzie, J. Kim, Z. Wang, B. Jiang, Y. Bando, Y. Sugahara, J. Tang, Y. Yamauchi, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807134. 30793387
[24]B. You, M. T. Tang, C. Tsai, F. Abild‐Pedersen, X. Zheng, H. Li, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807001. 30773741
[25]Q. Gao, W. Zhang, Z. Shi, L. Yang, Y. Tang, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1802880. 30133010
[26]L. Li, P. Wang, Q. Shao, X. Huang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 3072. 32309830
[27]R. Subbaraman, D. Tripkovic, K. C. Chang, D. Strmcnik, A. P. Paulikas, P. Hirunsit, M. Chan, J. Greeley, V. Stamenkovic, N. M. Markovic, Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 550. 22561903
[28]D. Strmcnik, M. Uchimura, C. Wang, R. Subbaraman, N. Danilovic, D. van der Vliet, A. P. Paulikas, V. R. Stamenkovic, N. M. Markovic, Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 300. 23511418
[29]W. Sheng, Z. Zhuang, M. Gao, J. Zheng, J. G. Chen, Y. Yan, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 5848. 25569511
[30]J. Zheng, W. Sheng, Z. Zhuang, B. Xu, Y. Yan, Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e150160. PMC4803484 27034988
[31]N. Ramaswamy, S. Ghoshal, M. K. Bates, Q. Jia, J. Li, S. Mukerjee, Nano Energy 2017, 41, 765.
[32]S. Intikhab, J. D. Snyder, M. Tang, ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 8314.
[33]L. Rebollar, S. Intikhab, J. D. Snyder, M. H. Tang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, J3209.
[34]I. T. McCrum, M. T. M. Koper, Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 891.
[35]E. Liu, J. Li, L. Jiao, H. T. T. Doan, Z. Liu, Z. Zhao, Y. Huang, K. M. Abraham, S. Mukerjee, Q. Jia, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 3232. 30673227
[36]J. Durst, A. Siebel, C. Simon, F. Hasché, J. Herranz, H. A. Gasteiger, Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2255.
[37]Y. Wang, G. Wang, G. Li, B. Huang, J. Pan, Q. Liu, J. Han, L. Xiao, J. Lu, L. Zhuang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 177.
[38]I. Ledezma‐Yanez, W. D. Z. Wallace, P. Sebastián‐Pascual, V. Climent, J. M. Feliu, M. T. M. Koper, Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 17031.
[39]M. J. T. C. van der Niet, N. Garcia‐Araez, J. Hernández, J. M. Feliu, M. T. M. Koper, Catal. Today 2013, 202, 105.
[40]T. J. Schmidt, P. N. Ross, N. M. Markovic, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2002, 524, 252.
[41]J. Lu, S. Yin, P. K. Shen, Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2018, 2, 105.
[42]V. Artero, M. Chavarot‐Kerlidou, M. Fontecave, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 7238. 21748828
[43]J. K. Nørskov, T. Bligaard, A. Logadottir, J. R. Kitchin, J. G. Chen, S. Pandelov, U. Stimming, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, J23.
[44]Z. Chen, H. Qing, K. Zhou, D. Sun, R. Wu, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2020, 108, 100618.
[45]D. Voiry, J. Yang, M. Chhowalla, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 6197. 26867809
[46]M. T. M. Koper, Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2710.
[47]D. Voiry, M. Chhowalla, Y. Gogotsi, N. A. Kotov, Y. Li, R. M. Penner, R. E. Schaak, P. S. Weiss, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 9635. 30347985
[48]R. Wu, J. Zhang, Y. Shi, D. Liu, B. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 6983. 25992910
[49]J. Greeley, T. F. Jaramillo, J. Bonde, I. B. Chorkendorff, J. K. Norskov, Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 909. 17041585
[50]P. Yu, F. Wang, T. A. Shifa, X. Zhan, X. Lou, F. Xia, J. He, Nano Energy 2019, 58, 244.
[51]Y. Chen, K. Yang, B. Jiang, J. Li, M. Zeng, L. Fu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 8187.
[52]R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 1958, 54, 1053.
[53]Z. W. Seh, J. Kibsgaard, C. F. Dickens, I. Chorkendorff, J. K. Norskov, T. F. Jaramillo, Science 2017, 355, 4998. 28082532
[54]M. N. Venkataraman Pallassana, L. B. Hansen, J. K. Nørskov, J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 5435.
[55]B. Hammer, J. K. Norskov, Nature 1995, 376, 238.
[56]J. Greeley, J. K. Nørskov, M. Mavrikakis, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2011, 53, 319. 11972011
[57]B. Hammer, Top. Catal. 2006, 37, 3.
[58]M. T. M. Koper, R. A. V. Santen, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1999, 472, 126.
[59]A. Nilsson, L. G. M. Pettersson, B. Hammer, T. Bligaard, C. H. Christensen, J. K. Nørskov, Catal. Lett. 2005, 100, 111.
[60]J. Greeley, I. E. L. Stephens, A. S. Bondarenko, T. P. Johansson, H. A. Hansen, T. F. Jaramillo, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff, J. K. Nørskov, Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 552. 21378936
[61]B. Hammer, J. K. Norskov, Adv. Catal. 2000, 45, 71.
[62]Y. Zheng, Y. Jiao, L. H. Li, T. Xing, Y. Chen, M. Jaroniec, S. Z. Qiao, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5290. 24779586 PMC4046781
[63]J. P. Foster, F. Weinhold, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7211.
[64]D. Guan, J. Zhou, Y. C. Huang, C. L. Dong, J. Q. Wang, W. Zhou, Z. Shao, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3755. 31434892 PMC6704169
[65]Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, E. Song, J. Lin, J. Zhou, K. Suenaga, W. Zhou, Z. Liu, J. Liu, J. Lou, H. J. Fan, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2253. 32382108 PMC7205865
[66]N. Ran, W. Qiu, E. Song, Y. Wang, X. Zhao, Z. Liu, J. Liu, Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 1224.
[67]M. Pandey, K. S. Thygesen, J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 13593.
[68]F. Calle‐Vallejo, J. Tymoczko, V. Colic, Q. H. Vu, M. D. Pohl, K. Morgenstern, D. Loffreda, P. Sautet, W. Schuhmann, A. S. Bandarenka, Science 2015, 350, 185. 26450207
[69]I. E. L. Stephens, J. S. Elias, Y. Shao‐Horn, Science 2015, 350, 164. 26450198
[70]X. P. Yin, H. J. Wang, S. F. Tang, X. L. Lu, M. Shu, R. Si, T. B. Lu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 9382. 29885267
[71]Y. Zhou, G. Gao, Y. Li, W. Chu, L. W. Wang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019, 21, 3024. 30672565
[72]C. Ling, L. Shi, Y. Ouyang, X. C. Zeng, J. Wang, Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 5133. 28745889
[73]H. Xu, D. Cheng, D. Cao, X. C. Zeng, Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 339.
[74]J. Greeley, M. Mavrikakis, Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 810. 15502837
[75]J. Li, J. Hu, M. Zhang, W. Gou, S. Zhang, Z. Chen, Y. Qu, Y. Ma, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3502. 34108475 PMC8190308
[76]J. Su, Y. Yang, G. Xia, J. Chen, P. Jiang, Q. Chen, Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14969. 28440269 PMC5413983
[77]X. Zhong, L. Wang, Z. Zhuang, X. Chen, J. Zheng, Y. Zhou, G. Zhuang, X. Li, J. Wang, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 4, 1601029.
[78]Y. Qin, X. Han, S. Gadipelli, J. Guo, S. Wu, L. Kang, J. Callison, Z. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 6543.
[79]T. Yang, H. Zhu, M. Wan, L. Dong, M. Zhang, M. Du, Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 990. 26592549
[80]J. Yang, G. Ning, L. Yu, Y. Wang, C. Luan, A. Fan, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, Y. Dong, X. Dai, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 17790.
[81]Y. Jiang, X. Wu, Y. Yan, S. Luo, X. Li, J. Huang, H. Zhang, D. Yang, Small 2019, 15, 1805474. 30786153
[82]L. Dai, Y. Zhao, Q. Qin, X. Zhao, C. Xu, N. Zheng, ChemNanoMat 2016, 2, 776.
[83]W. Li, Z.‐Y. Hu, Z. Zhang, P. Wei, J. Zhang, Z. Pu, J. Zhu, D. He, S. Mu, G. Van Tendeloo, J. Catal. 2019, 375, 164.
[84]Z. Li, Z. Qi, S. Wang, T. Ma, L. Zhou, Z. Wu, X. Luan, F. Y. Lin, M. Chen, J. T. Miller, H. Xin, W. Huang, Y. Wu, Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 5102. 31271283
[85]J. Fan, K. Qi, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Yu, X. Cui, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 18008. 28488861
[86]S. Bai, C. Wang, M. Deng, M. Gong, Y. Bai, J. Jiang, Y. Xiong, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 12120. 25155584
[87]A. Mahmood, H. Lin, N. Xie, X. Wang, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 6329.
[88]Y. Chen, X. X. Zheng, X. Y. Huang, A. J. Wang, Q. L. Zhang, H. Huang, J. J. Feng, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 559, 206. 31629274
[89]H. Y. Chen, H. J. Niu, Z. Han, J. J. Feng, H. Huang, A. J. Wang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 570, 205. 32151830
[90]D. Wu, W. Zhang, A. Lin, D. Cheng, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 9600. 32027803
[91]S. Bolar, S. Shit, J. S. Kumar, N. C. Murmu, R. S. Ganesh, H. Inokawa, T. Kuila, Appl. Catal., B 2019, 254, 432.
[92]X. Zhang, F. Zhou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, R. Wang, Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900090. PMC6523370 31131203
[93]Y. Zhao, J. Hwang, M. T. Tang, H. Chun, X. Wang, H. Zhao, K. Chan, B. Han, P. Gao, H. Li, J. Power Sources 2020, 456, 227998.
[94]Q. Xu, Y. Liu, H. Jiang, Y. Hu, H. Liu, C. Li, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1802553.
[95]R. Chen, Y. Ao, C. Wang, P. Wang, Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 8472. 32588840
[96]T. Wang, X. Guo, J. Zhang, W. Xiao, P. Xi, S. Peng, D. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 4971.
[97]Y. Yu, G. H. Nam, Q. He, X. J. Wu, K. Zhang, Z. Yang, J. Chen, Q. Ma, M. Zhao, Z. Liu, F. R. Ran, X. Wang, H. Li, X. Huang, B. Li, Q. Xiong, Q. Zhang, Z. Liu, L. Gu, Y. Du, W. Huang, H. Zhang, Nat. Chem. 2018, 10, 638. 29610461
[98]D. Voiry, A. Mohite, M. Chhowalla, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2702. 25891172
[99]Z. Q. Wang, Y. H. Shen, I. Yoshikazu, Y. Z. Zhang, J. Du, F. Takeshi, H. Akihiko, Z. Tang, M. W. Chen, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 1571.29365263
[100]W. Qiao, W. Xu, X. Xu, L. Wu, S. Yan, D. Wang, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 2315.
[101]B. Pattengale, Y. Huang, X. Yan, S. Yang, S. Younan, W. Hu, Z. Li, S. Lee, X. Pan, J. Gu, J. Huang, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4114. 32807770 PMC7431582
[102]L. Ji, P. Yan, C. Zhu, C. Ma, W. Wu, C. Wei, Y. Shen, S. Chu, J. Wang, Y. Du, J. Chen, X. Yang, Q. Xu, Appl. Catal., B 2019, 251, 87.
[103]J. Wang, W. Cui, Q. Liu, Z. Xing, A. M. Asiri, X. Sun, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 215. 26551487
[104]H. Q. Song, M. Wu, Z. Y. Tang, S. Tse John, B. Yang, S. Y. Lu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 7234. 33438321
[105]J. Shi, F. Qiu, W. Yuan, M. Guo, Z.‐H. Lu, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 403, 126312.
[106]X. Huang, X. Xu, X. Luan, D. Cheng, Nano Energy 2020, 68, 104332.
[107]X. Huang, X. Xu, C. Li, D. Wu, D. Cheng, D. Cao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803970.
[108]E. Cao, Z. Chen, H. Wu, P. Yu, Y. Wang, F. Xiao, S. Chen, S. Du, Y. Xie, Y. Wu, Z. Ren, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 4154. 31863720
[109]P. Xiao, M. A. Sk, L. Thia, X. Ge, R. J. Lim, J.‐Y. Wang, K. H. Lim, X. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2624.
[110]J. Tian, Q. Liu, A. M. Asiri, X. Sun, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 7587. 24830333
[111]J. Kibsgaard, T. F. Jaramillo, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 14433. 25359678
[112]X. Luo, P. Ji, P. Wang, R. Cheng, D. Chen, C. Lin, J. Zhang, J. He, Z. Shi, N. Li, S. Xiao, S. Mu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903891.
[113]W. Zhu, C. Tang, D. Liu, J. Wang, A. M. Asiri, X. Sun, J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 7169.
[114]P. Jiang, Q. Liu, Y. Liang, J. Tian, A. M. Asiri, X. Sun, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 12855. 25257101
[115]P. Liu, J. A. Rodriguez, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14871. 16231942
[116]Y. Pan, Y. Liu, J. Zhao, K. Yang, J. Liang, D. Liu, W. Hu, D. Liu, Y. Liu, C. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 1656.
[117]J. F. Callejas, C. G. Read, E. J. Popczun, J. M. McEnaney, R. E. Schaak, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 3769.
[118]P. E. R. Blanchard, A. P. Grosvenor, R. G. Cavell, A. Mar, Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 7081.
[119]X. F. Lu, L. Yu, X. W. Lou, Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaav6009. 30793034 PMC6377276
[120]H. Duan, D. Li, Y. Tang, Y. He, S. Ji, R. Wang, H. Lv, P. P. Lopes, A. P. Paulikas, H. Li, S. X. Mao, C. Wang, N. M. Markovic, J. Li, V. R. Stamenkovic, Y. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 5494. 28343390
[121]K. Wang, B. Huang, F. Lin, F. Lv, M. Luo, P. Zhou, Q. Liu, W. Zhang, C. Yang, Y. Tang, Y. Yang, W. Wang, H. Wang, S. Guo, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1801891.
[122]J. Zhu, S. Li, M. Xiao, X. Zhao, G. Li, Z. Bai, M. Li, Y. Hu, R. Feng, W. Liu, R. Gao, D. Su, A. Yu, Z. Chen, Nano Energy 2020, 77, 105212.
[123]F. Sun, Y. Wang, L. Fang, X. Yang, W. Fu, D. Tian, Z. Huang, J. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Appl. Catal., B 2019, 256, 117851.
[124]Z. Pu, J. Zhao, I. S. Amiinu, W. Li, M. Wang, D. He, S. Mu, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 952.
[125]M. Yao, B. Wang, B. Sun, L. Luo, Y. Chen, J. Wang, N. Wang, S. Komarneni, X. Niu, W. Hu, Appl. Catal., B 2021, 280, 119451.
[126]Y. Cheng, J. Gong, B. Cao, X. Xu, P. Jing, B. Liu, R. Gao, J. Zhang, ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 3958.
[127]Z. Chen, W. Gong, S. Cong, Z. Wang, G. Song, T. Pan, X. Tang, J. Chen, W. Lu, Z. Zhao, Nano Energy 2020, 68, 104335.
[128]X. Zhang, Z. Zhu, X. Liang, F.‐X. Ma, J. Zhang, Y. Tan, Z. Pan, Y. Bo, C.‐M. L. Wu, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 408, 127270.
[129]Q. Gong, Y. Wang, Q. Hu, J. Zhou, R. Feng, P. N. Duchesne, P. Zhang, F. Chen, N. Han, Y. Li, C. Jin, Y. Li, S. T. Lee, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13216. 27752046 PMC5071847
[130]F. Yu, Y. Gao, Z. Lang, Y. Ma, L. Yin, J. Du, H. Tan, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Nanoscale 2018, 10, 6080. 29546902
[131]X. Fan, Z. Peng, R. Ye, H. Zhou, X. Guo, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 7407. 26126147
[132]Y. Ma, M. Chen, H. Geng, H. Dong, P. Wu, X. Li, G. Guan, T. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000561.
[133]C. Yang, R. Zhao, H. Xiang, J. Wu, W. Zhong, W. Li, Q. Zhang, N. Yang, X. Li, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002260.
[134]Y. Huang, J. Hu, H. Xu, W. Bian, J. Ge, D. Zang, D. Cheng, Y. Lv, C. Zhang, J. Gu, Y. Wei, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1800789.
[135]R. Wang, Q. Shao, Q. Yuan, P. Sun, R. Nie, X. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 504, 144320.
[136]X. Yan, Y. Jia, X. Yao, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 7628. 30246207
[137]D. Yan, Y. Li, J. Huo, R. Chen, L. Dai, S. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1606459. 28508469
[138]S. Liu, H. Zhang, X. Mu, C. Chen, Appl. Catal., B 2019, 241, 424.
[139]Y. Tang, Q. Liu, L. Dong, H. B. Wu, X.‐Y. Yu, Appl. Catal., B 2020, 266, 118627.
[140]Q. Zhu, W. Chen, H. Cheng, Z. Lu, H. Pan, ChemCatChem 2019, 11, 2667.
[141]L. Li, Z. Qin, L. Ries, S. Hong, T. Michel, J. Yang, C. Salameh, M. Bechelany, P. Miele, D. Kaplan, M. Chhowalla, D. Voiry, ACS Nano 2019, 13, 6824. 31136708
[142]H. Xu, X. Niu, Z. Liu, M. Sun, Z. Liu, Z. Tian, X. Wu, B. Huang, Y. Tang, C. H. Yan, Small 2021, 17, 2103064. 34561943
[143]X. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Si, Q. Zhang, J. Wu, L. Gao, X. Wei, Y. Sun, Q. Liao, Z. Zhang, K. Ammarah, L. Gu, Z. Kang, Y. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 4298. 31999446
[144]S. Liu, Y. Shen, Y. Zhang, B. Cui, S. Xi, J. Zhang, L. Xu, S. Zhu, Y. Chen, Y. Deng, W. Hu, Adv. Mater. 2021, 34, 2106973. 34676920
[145]R. G. Mariano, K. Mckelvey, H. S. White, M. W. Kanan, Science 2017, 358, 1187. 29191908
[146]X. Mu, J. Gu, F. Feng, Z. Xiao, C. Chen, S. Liu, S. Mu, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2002341. PMC7816718 33511007
[147]Y. He, P. Tang, Z. Hu, Q. He, C. Zhu, L. Wang, Q. Zeng, P. Golani, G. Gao, W. Fu, Z. Huang, C. Gao, J. Xia, X. Wang, X. Wang, C. Zhu, Q. M. Ramasse, A. Zhang, B. An, Y. Zhang, S. Marti‐Sanchez, J. R. Morante, L. Wang, B. K. Tay, B. I. Yakobson, A. Trampert, H. Zhang, M. Wu, Q. J. Wang, J. Arbiol, et al., Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 57. 31896753 PMC6940382
[148]H. Wang, Y. Jiao, S. Wang, P. Ye, J. Ning, Y. Zhong, Y. Hu, Small 2021, 17, 2103517. 34725919
[149]F. Zheng, C. Zhang, X. Gao, C. Du, Z. Zhuang, W. Chen, Electrochim. Acta 2019, 306, 627.
[150]A. Wang, C. Zhao, M. Yu, W. Wang, Appl. Catal., B 2021, 281, 119514.
[151]L. Chen, S. Yang, K. Qian, W. Wei, C. Sun, J. Xie, J. Energy Chem. 2019, 29, 129.
[152]Z. J. Wang, M. X. Li, J. H. Yu, X. B. Ge, Y. H. Liu, W. H. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906384.
[153]M. A. Ahsan, A. R. Puente Santiago, Y. Hong, N. Zhang, M. Cano, E. Rodriguez‐Castellon, L. Echegoyen, S. T. Sreenivasan, J. C. Noveron, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 14688. 32786805
[154]Z. Zheng, L. Yu, M. Gao, X. Chen, W. Zhou, C. Ma, L. Wu, J. Zhu, X. Meng, J. Hu, Y. Tu, S. Wu, J. Mao, Z. Tian, D. Deng, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3315. 32620781 PMC7334232
[155]J. Deng, H. Li, J. Xiao, Y. Tu, D. Deng, H. Yang, H. Tian, J. Li, P. Ren, X. Bao, Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 1594.
[156]J. Yang, H. Guo, S. Chen, Y. Li, C. Cai, P. Gao, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, R. Sun, X. Niu, Z. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 13859.
[157]T. Guo, L. Wang, S. Sun, Y. Wang, X. Chen, K. Zhang, D. Zhang, Z. Xue, X. Zhou, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2019, 30, 1253.
[158]A. B. Puthirath, S. Shirodkar, M. Fei, A. Baburaj, K. Kato, S. K. Saju, R. Prasannachandran, N. Chakingal, R. Vajtai, B. I. Yakobson, P. M. Ajayan, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 1790. 31895391
[159]S. Gao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, S. Yang, Small 2018, 14, 1804388. 30450810
[160]Y. Jiang, T. Sun, X. Xie, W. Jiang, J. Li, B. Tian, C. Su, ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 1368. 30684300
[161]J. Ji, Y. Zhang, L. Tang, C. Liu, X. Gao, M. Sun, J. Zheng, M. Ling, C. Liang, Z. Lin, Nano Energy 2019, 63, 103849.
[162]L. Li, Y. Ji, X. Luo, S. Geng, M. Fang, Y. Pi, Y. Li, X. Huang, Q. Shao, Small 2021, 17, 2103798. 34549505
[163]S. Liu, Y. Shen, Y. Zhang, B. Cui, S. Xi, J. Zhang, L. Xu, S. Zhu, Y. Chen, Y. Deng, W. Hu, Adv. Mater. 2021, 3, 2106973. 34676920
[164]H. Xie, S. Chen, J. Liang, T. Wang, Z. Hou, H. L. Wang, G. Chai, Q. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2100883.
[165]M. Li, Z. Zhao, Z. Xia, M. Luo, Q. Zhang, Y. Qin, L. Tao, Y. C. K. Yin, L. Gu, W. Yang, Y. Yu, G. Lu, S. Guo, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 8243. 33434387
[166]W. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, M. Sun, G. I. N. Waterhouse, B. Huang, K. Zhang, T. Zhang, S. Lu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 3290. 33105050
[167]S. Liu, Z. Hu, Y. Wu, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, B. Cui, C. Liu, S. Hu, N. Zhao, X. Han, A. Cao, Y. Chen, Y. Deng, W. Hu, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2006034. 33124756
[168]Y. Wang, X. Li, M. Zhang, Y. Zhou, D. Rao, C. Zhong, J. Zhang, X. Han, W. Hu, Y. Zhang, K. Zaghib, Y. Wang, Y. Deng, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2000231. 32870547
[169]M. Li, M. Luo, Z. Xia, Y. Yang, Y. Huang, D. Wu, Y. Sun, C. Li, Y. Chao, W. Yang, W. Yang, Y. Yu, S. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 20151.
[170]J. Kim, H. Kim, W. J. Lee, B. Ruqia, H. Baik, H. S. Oh, S. M. Paek, H. K. Lim, C. H. Choi, S. I. Choi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 18256. 31621315
[171]N. Liu, K. Yin, C. Si, T. Kou, Y. Zhang, W. Ma, Z. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 6245.
[172]S. Sarkar, U. Subbarao, S. C. Peter, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 15950.
[173]R. Qin, J. Hou, C. Xu, H. Yang, Q. Zhou, Z. Chen, H. Liu, Nano Res. 2020, 13, 2950.
[174]X. Zhou, Y. Liu, H. Ju, B. Pan, J. Zhu, T. Ding, C. Wang, Q. Yang, Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 1838.
[175]T. Bian, B. Xiao, B. Sun, L. Huang, S. Su, Y. Jiang, J. Xiao, A. Yuan, H. Zhang, D. Yang, Appl. Catal., B 2020, 263, 118255.
[176]W. Han, Z. Liu, Y. Pan, G. Guo, J. Zou, Y. Xia, Z. Peng, W. Li, A. Dong, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002584. 32491265
[177]Y. Pi, Y. Xu, L. Li, T. Sun, B. Huang, L. Bu, Y. Ma, Z. Hu, C. W. Pao, X. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2004375.
[178]C. Tsai, F. Abild‐Pedersen, J. K. Norskov, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1381. 24499163
[179]X. Liang, C.‐M. L. Wu, Nano Energy 2020, 71, 104603.
[180]H. Zhu, G. Gao, M. Du, J. Zhou, K. Wang, W. Wu, X. Chen, Y. Li, P. Ma, W. Dong, F. Duan, M. Chen, G. Wu, J. Wu, H. Yang, S. Guo, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707301. 29737007
[181]J. Xiong, J. Li, J. Shi, X. Zhang, W. Cai, Z. Yang, H. Cheng, Appl. Catal., B 2019, 243, 614.
[182]G. Li, Z. Chen, Y. Li, D. Zhang, W. Yang, Y. Liu, L. Cao, ACS Nano 2020, 14, 1707. 31944096
[183]B. Hui, J. Li, Y. Lu, K. Zhang, H. Chen, D. Yang, L. Cai, Z. Huang, J. Energy Chem. 2021, 56, 23.
[184]Y. Lin, K. Sun, X. Chen, C. Chen, Y. Pan, X. Li, J. Zhang, J. Energy Chem. 2021, 55, 92.
[185]J. Wang, W. Fang, Y. Hu, Y. Zhang, J. Dang, Y. Wu, B. Chen, H. Zhao, Z. Li, Appl. Catal., B 2021, 298, 120490.
[186]H. Feng, J. Yu, L. Tang, J. Wang, H. Dong, T. Ni, J. Tang, W. Tang, X. Zhu, C. Liang, Appl. Catal., B 2021, 297, 120478.
[187]S. Wang, P. Yang, X. Sun, H. Xing, J. Hu, P. Chen, Z. Cui, W. Zhu, Z. Ma, Appl. Catal., B 2021, 297, 120386.
[188]Q. Li, F. Huang, S. Li, H. Zhang, X. Y. Yu, Small 2022, 18, 2104323.
[189]L. Xiong, B. Wang, H. Cai, H. Hao, J. Li, T. Yang, S. Yang, Appl. Catal., B 2021, 295, 120283.
[190]Y. Sun, K. Xu, Z. Zhao, X. Li, G. Chen, C. Li, Appl. Catal., B 2020, 278, 119284.
[191]Y. L. Wu, X. Li, Y. S. Wei, Z. Fu, W. Wei, X. T. Wu, Q. L. Zhu, Q. Xu, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2006965. 33598974
[192]Y. Liu, Z. Min, J. Jiang, K. Sun, J. Gao, Y. Shang, B. Li, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 19442.
[193]H. Liu, X. Peng, X. Liu, G. Qi, J. Luo, ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 1334. 30672152
[194]X. Wen, L. Bai, M. Li, J. Guan, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 9249. PMC6448262 30956906
[195]B. Zheng, L. Ma, B. Li, D. Chen, X. Li, J. He, J. Xie, M. Robert, T.‐C. Lau, Catal. Sci. Technol. 2020, 10, 4405.
[196]J. Xu, Z. Liu, Z. Wei, S. Zhang, C. Guo, M. He, Electrochim. Acta 2020, 349, 136417.
[197]J. Shan, T. Ling, K. Davey, Y. Zheng, S. Z. Qiao, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900510. 30811671
[198]J. J. L. Humphrey, R. Kronberg, R. Cai, K. Laasonen, R. E. Palmer, A. J. Wain, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 4459. 32030382
[199]H. Zeng, S. Chen, Y. Q. Jin, J. Li, J. Song, Z. Le, G. Liang, H. Zhang, F. Xie, J. Chen, Y. Jin, X. Chen, H. Meng, ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 1908.
[200]W. Wu, C. Niu, C. Wei, Y. Jia, C. Li, Q. Xu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 2029. 30600886

200 of 294 shown

Sorted by citations

High-entropy alloys in electrocatalysis: from fundamentals to applications
Ren, J.-T., Chen, L., Wang, H.-Y., & Yuan, Z.-Y. (2023) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d3cs00557g · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Rational Design of Transition Metal Phosphide‐Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Liu, D., Xu, G., Yang, H., Wang, H., & Xia, B. Y. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202208358 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Computational chemistry for water-splitting electrocatalysis
Miao, L., Jia, W., Cao, X., & Jiao, L. (2024) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d2cs01068b · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Surface Strain Effect on Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Pt-Based Intermetallics
Zhong, Z., Tu, Y., Zhang, L., Ke, J., Zhong, C., Tan, W., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Song, H., Du, L., et al. (2024) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.3c06291 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
In Situ Active Site Refreshing of Electro‐Catalytic Materials for Ultra‐Durable Hydrogen Evolution at Elevated Current Density
Li, Q., Chen, C., Luo, W., Yu, X., Chang, Z., Kong, F., Zhu, L., Huang, Y., Tian, H., Cui, X., et al. (2024) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202304099 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Current Progress of Mo‐Based Metal Organic Frameworks Derived Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Chen, S., Xu, J., Chen, J., Yao, Y., & Wang, F. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202304681 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Recent progress in energy-saving electrocatalytic hydrogen production via regulating the anodic oxidation reaction
Gao, T., An, Q., Tang, X., Yue, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, B., Li, P., & Jin, Z. (2024) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d4cp01680g · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Synthesis of Pt Carbon Aerogel Electrocatalysts with Multiscale Porosity Derived from Cellulose and Chitosan Biopolymer Aerogels via Supercritical Deposition for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Alsuhile, A., Pein, P. S., Barım, Ş. B., Bozbağ, S. E., Smirnova, I., Erkey, C., & Schroeter, B. (2025) · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research · doi:10.1002/aesr.202400433 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Constructing Novel High‐Entropy Alloy Aerogels Platform for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction with High Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability
Liu, J., Li, X., Guo, X., Wang, Y., Yuan, B., Fu, S., Li, K., Liang, G., Li, L., Gao, Y., et al. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202521346 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rational synthesis of Au3Cu@Rhx core–shell aerogel electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction
Xue, W., Yin, R., Li, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhang, B., Tang, Z., Gao, J., Yan, Z., Wu, X., Wei, W., et al. (2026) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-026-12734-8

Authors: Liu, F., Shi, C., Guo, X., He, Z., Pan, L., Huang, Z., Zhang, X., & Zou, J.
Affiliations: Tianjin University (CN)
Corresponding author: Huang, Zhen‐Feng
Zou, Ji‐Jun
ORCID: Liu, Fan
Shi, Chengxiang
Guo, Xiaolei
Pan, Lun
Huang, Zhen‐Feng
Zhang, Xiangwen
Zou, Ji‐Jun
Venue: Advanced Science
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2022-04-18
Volume: 9
Issue: 18
Pages: e2200307-e2200307
ISSN: 2198-3844 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200307
PMC: PMC9218766
OpenAlex: W4224013593
Cited by: 455
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 120 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 23
FWCI: 5.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Advanced Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (2200080551, 21978200, 22161142002, 22121004)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
Keywords: hydrogen evolution reaction, electrocatalysts, water splitting, water electrolysis, green hydrogen, catalyst design, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, catalyst preparation, reaction mechanism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Rational Design of Better Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: A Review

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Record

About these checks