Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

Todd, T. Wingate

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330030301

Cited by 733Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology StudiesMedical and Biological SciencesBone health and osteoporosis research

Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

Todd, T. Wingate·1920·American Journal of Physical Anthropology

DOI 10.1002/ajpa.1330030301

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The age at death of Seqenenre was estimated to be around 40 years.
“We estimated the age at death to be around 40 years based on epiphyseal closure of all long bones, fusion of the meta-and meso-sterna, and symphysis pubis surface features (stage 6 corresponding to 35–39 years) (13).”
From Computed Tomography Study of the Mummy of King Seqenenre Taa II: New Insights Into His Violent Death (2021) · cites this paper as [13]

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Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi‐Nemeskéri and Suchey‐Brooks methods
Brooks, S., & Suchey, J. M. (1990) · Human Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02437238 · Cited by 1,785 · see citing works
“The first systematic study of age changes in the pubic bone, based on a large sample (n= 306), was published by the anatomist TODD (1920) on a skeletal series collected between 1912 and 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio (now called the HAMMAN-TODD Collection).”
Background
Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method
Buckberry, J. L., & Chamberlain, A. T. (2002) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10130 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
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“[42] and Baker [43], pubic symphysis evaluation by Todd [44,45] and Suchey–Brooks [46,47], chondral articular surface of IVth rib analysis by Iscan, Loth andWright [48–50], ilium auricular surface observation by Lovejoy et al.”
Method
Age changes in the pubic bone
Todd, T. (1921) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330040102 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citation
Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females.
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“Modern humans, however, exhibit a unique, highly delayed pubic metamorphosis [68–71].”
Background
A method for aging the female Os pubis
Gilbert, B. M., & McKern, T. W. (1973) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330380109 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
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“In the current example, there are six ordered phases within the Suchey ⁄ Brooks (2,12) pubic symphyseal system, so five transition distributions must be modeled (one between phase I and II, one between II and III, one between III and IV, one between IV”
BackgroundInfluential
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“These features are used by biological anthropologists to assist age and sex determination (Todd, 1920; Gilbert & McKern, 1973; Brooks & Suchey, 1990; White & Folkens, 2005).”
Method
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Current Practices by Forensic Anthropologists in Adult Skeletal Age Estimation*
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“Age-at-death was assessed based on the pubic symphysis (Brooks and Suchey, 1990; Todd, 1921a,b), the auricular surface (Lovejoy et al., 1985), cranial suture closure (Meindl and Lovejoy, 1985), dental development (Moorrees et al., 1963a; Moorrees et al., 1963b; White and Folkens, 2005; Gustafson…”
Method
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“Age scores were independently obtained, based on morphological changes in the pubic symphysis (PB) and auricular surface (AS) (Meindl et al., 1985; Lovejoy et al., 1985; Todd, 1920), and the degree of cranial suture obliteration.”
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“This was also done for Todd's original sample (Todd, 1920).”
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“However, they found that the specific method used (e.g. Suchey-Brooks (1990) versus Todd (1920; 1921) for the pubic symphysis) varies considerably.”
Application of the Suchey-Brooks method to three-dimensional imaging of the pubic symphysis
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“Todd [14] developed the first formal standards for determining skeletal age-at-death from pubic symphyseal morphology for white males in the Hamann-Todd collection.”
Background
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“Since Todd (2) developed a method based on age-related changes in the morphology of the symphyseal surface, pubic aging schemes have undergone multiple revisions (3–9).”
Method
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Evaluation of the suchey–brooks method of age estimation in an Australian subpopulation using computed tomography of the pubic symphyseal surface
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“Early age estimation techniques of the symphyseal surface developed by T.W. Todd (1920) were superseded by the construction of the Suchey-Brooks (S-B) method (1990).”
Method
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“Some of the most commonly used BP methods were developed 50–100 years ago, as Todd’s ten-phase method to analyze the pubic symphysis to estimate age [235], the Greulich and Pyle method based on the atlas [26] from the late ﬁfties, and that of Tanner-Whitehouse [79], developed in 1975.”
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“The delimitation of the extremities of the pubic symphysis commences between 23–27 years of age, with the inferior extremity usually initiating before the superior extremity (Todd, 1920).”
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Estimating Age of Mature Adults from the Degeneration of the Sternal End of the Clavicle
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“Although each individual included in this study were stated to have known age, the accuracy of the “known ages” within the Hamann-Todd collection have been questioned (Todd, 1920; Cox, 2000).”
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Ubelaker, D. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23306 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A test of Suchey–Brooks (pubic symphysis) and Buckberry–Chamberlain (auricular surface) methods on an identified Spanish sample: paleodemographic implications
San‐Millán, M., Rissech, C., & Turbón, D. (2012) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.021 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The first standards for estimating age based on the pubic symphysis were developed by Todd (1920), who based his work on a sample of white males from the Hamann-Todd osteological collection.”
A Test of the Revised Auricular Surface Aging Method on a Modern European Population
Moraitis, K., Zorba, E., Eliopoulos, C., & Fox, S. C. (2014) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12303 · Cited by 56
“The methods described by Todd (9) and Katz and Suchey (10) are those most frequently used by anthropologists.”
Method
The Issue of Age Estimation in a Modern Skeletal Population: Are Even the More Modern Current Aging Methods Satisfactory for the Elderly? ,
Cappella, A., Cummaudo, M., Arrigoni, E., Collini, F., & Cattaneo, C. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13220 · Cited by 55
Pubis growth study: applicability in sexual and age diagnostic.
Rissech, C., & Malgosa, A. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.02.022 · Cited by 54

Authors: Todd, T. W.
Affiliations: Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author: Todd, T. Wingate
Venue: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1920-07
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 285-334
ISSN: 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
1096-8644
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330030301
OpenAlex: W2122873164
Cited by: 733
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 273.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 31021 d)
Locations: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords: pubic bone, age estimation, skeletal aging, white men, pubic symphysis, forensic age estimation

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Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

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