Cited by 733Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology StudiesClassical Anatomy and HistologyBone health and osteoporosis research

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Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

Todd, T. Wingate·1920·American Journal of Physical Anthropology

DOI 10.1002/ajpa.1330030301

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Research works printed but not linked: 9

Cleland J., 1889, On certain distinctions of form hitherto unnoticed in the human pelvis, characteristic of sex, age and race, Memoirs and Memoranda in Anatomy, London, 95
Aeby Ch., 1858, Ueber die Symphyse ossium pubis des Menschen nebst Beiträgen zur Lehre vom hyalinen Knorpel und seiner Verknöcherungen, Zschr. f. rationelle Med., Reihe 3, 1
Bonn, 1777, Overhet Maaksel en de beweeglijke Loswording der Beenvereenigingen von het Bekken etc., Verh. Bat. Gen. Rotterdam, 269
Todd T. W., 1920, Age characters of the public bone, Anat. Rec., 264
Hunter Joh., 1771, Treatise on the Natural History of the human teeth. Part I, Coll. works, 4
Home E., 1798, Experiments and observations on the growth of Bones, from the papers of the late Mr. Hunter, Coll. works of John Hunter, 315
Keith Arthu., 1920, Changes accompanying growth disorders of the human body, J. Anat., 101
Hunter W., 1761, Remarks on the symphysis of the ossa pubis, Medical Observations and Inquiries, 333
v. d. Broek A. J. P., 1915, Studien zur Morphologie des Primatenbeckens, Morph. Jahrb., 1

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“Biological age estimation was conducted according to the following methods: • The surface of pubic symphysis after Brooks and Suchey [3] • The surface of pubic symphysis after Todd [12] • The auricular surface of the ilium scoring system after Buckberry and Chamberlain [4] • The morfology of the auricular surface of t…”
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Method
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“Typically, commonly used and well-established age-related areas of the skeleton, such as the pubic symphysis [5–9] and auricular surface [10–12], are assessed in isolation, resulting in age estimates that cannot be systematically integrated into a single prediction.”
Background
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Method
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“Every skeleton was analysed according to standard methods for age (Todd 1920; Brothwell 1981) and sex (Ferembach et al.”
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FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
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“43 Brooks and Suchey 1990; Todd 1920; 1921.”
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“Todd TW. Age changes in the pubic bone: I.”
MethodInfluential
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“Age at death was esti‐ mated based on age-related changes in the pubic symphysis (Todd, 1920; Hanihara, 1952; Sakaue, 2006) and the auric‐ ular surface morphology (Lovejoy et al., 1985; Buckberry and Chamberlain, 2002; Igarashi et al., 2005).”
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The fallacy of forensic age estimation from morphometric quantifications of the pubic symphysis
Bookstein, F. L., & Bravo Morante, G. (2021) · Remodeling Forensic Skeletal Age · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824370-1.00009-2 · Cited by 2
An application of the Bayesian SanMillán-Rissech acetabular aging method to an African American sample: Preliminary results
San-Millán, M. (2021) · Remodeling Forensic Skeletal Age · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824370-1.00010-9 · Cited by 2
POLÍTICA SEXUAL Y REPRODUCCIÓN SOCIAL EN LA PAMPA DEL TAMARUGAL: ESTRUCTURA SEXO-EDAD EN EL CEMENTERIO TARAPACÁ 40 (1000 AC-600 DC)
González‐Ramírez, A., Sáez, A., Herrera, M. J., Leyton, L., Miranda, F., Santana‐Sagredo, F., & Rodríguez, M. U. (2021) · Chungara · doi:10.4067/s0717-73562021005001801 · Cited by 2
“…la estimación de edad se realizó mediante la observación y registro de las modificaciones degenerativas de la sínfisis púbica (Brooks y Suchey 1990; Todd 1920), superficie auricular (Lovejoy et al. 1985), cuarta costilla (Iscan et al. 1984); secuencia de cierre de suturas craneales (Meindl y…”
Background
Applicability of Three Component System of Age Estimation in Haryana Population
Kumaran, M., Singh, D., Bansal, Y., Mandal, S., & Murali, G. (2019) · Medico-Legal Update · doi:10.5958/0974-1283.2019.00008.2 · Cited by 2
Evaluating the Consistency of Age and Sex Assessments of Ohio Hopewell Human Remains by Previous Investigators
Case, D. T. (2008) · Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology/Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77387-2_9 · Cited by 2
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Diachronic shifts in biological parameters from prehistory to modernity in Barcelona
Cevallos, A., & Rissech, C. (2026) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-026-02504-7 · Cited by 1
“For adults, age-at-death was estimated using various criteria, including pubic symphysis (Brooks and Suchey 1990; Todd 1920, 1921), auricular surface (Lovejoy et al. 1985), acetabulum (Rissech et al. 2006, 2019), ectocranial suture obliteration (Meindl and Lovejoy 1985), the morphology of the…”
Effect of Subadult Stress—Cribra Orbitalia and Linear Enamel Hypoplasia on Adult Mortality in Late Antique Southern Pannonia
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“In adults, the primary and most commonly analyzed features for estimating age include the morphology of the pubic symphysis [44,47–50], the auricular surface of the ilium [51], and morphological changes at the sternal end of the ribs [52,53].”
Estimating age in elderly individuals: a morphological and quantitative approach using the pubic symphysis
Mansour, C., Márquez-Grant, N., Cunha, E. M., Lescure, J., Velasco, M. G., & Sánchez, M. B. (2026) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-026-03751-y · Cited by 1
“Multiple methods have been developed for the pubic symphysis [ 3 , 10, 16, 17], with the Suchey–Brooks method [ 8] remaining the most widely used in both forensic and bioarchaeologi - cal contexts [ 18 , 19].”
Cortical Bone Loss in Barcelona Across Time (1st Century CE –18th Century CE ) and Its Potential Relationship With Linear Enamel Hypoplasia
Cevallos, A., Tarragó, A., & Rissech, C. (2026) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70241 · Cited by 2
“Age estimation was estimated by using multiple indicators, including the pubic symphysis (Brooks and Suchey 1990; Todd 1920, 1921), auricular surface (Lovejoy et al. 1985), acetabulum (Rissech et al. 2006, 2019), ectocranial suture obliteration (Meindl and Lovejoy 1985), sternal ends of the fourth…”
Transition analysis 3: Skeletal age estimation program.
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Montero, M. D. A., Kis, L., Vig, V., Kocsmár, R., Zink, A., Maixner, F., Mari, B., Mussauer, A., Sklánitz, A., Palkó, A., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340762 · Cited by 1
“Age at death was estimated (Todd [81], Nemeskéri & colleagues [82], Brooks & Suchey [83], Buckberry & Chamberlain [84], and Schmitt [85]) and biological sex was determined (Éry & co-workers [86], Br ů žek [87], and Br ů žek & colleagues [88]) using macromorphological and/or metric methods that are…”
The Hamann‐Todd Human Osteological Collection: A Representative Sample?
Wissler, A., Lieurance, A. J., Reynolds, A., Bailey, L., Nichols, L., Umar, M., Widrick, K., & Zuckerman, M. (2025) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70190 · Cited by 1
“…methodological standards for estimating sex (Dabbs and Moore-Jansen 2010; Klales 2016; Marino 1995), age- at-death (Lovejoy et al. 1985; Martin et al. 2008; Meindl and Lovejoy 1985; Meindl et al. 1983; Passalacqua 2009; Todd 1920; Todd and Lyon 1925), and stature (Holland 1992; Murray et al. 2024).”
Systematic assessment of bone and soft tissue tumors on whole-body CTs of 45 mummies from ancient Egypt
Panzer, S., Wörtler, K., Paladin, A., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W., Schaik, K. V. V., Sutherland, M. L., Sutherland, J., Hergan, K., Thompson, R., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07029-y · Cited by 1
Comparison among artificial intelligence-based age estimation from morphological analysis of the pubic symphysis versus experienced and novice practitioners using a new atlas for component labeling
Olivares, J. I., Gámez-Granados, J. C., Salvador, Á. R., Reina, A. G., Pascual, E. G., Jiménez, L. C., Arroyo, S. D., García, Ó. C., & Aguilera, I. A. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-025-03511-4 · Cited by 1
Classifying age from medial clavicle using a 30-year threshold: An image analysis based approach
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The uncertain death. Estimating mortality structure by random sampling
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Appel, N. S., & Edgar, H. J. H. (2024) · Forensic Sciences · doi:10.3390/forensicsci4040034 · Cited by 5
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Jovanović, J., Blagojević, T., Marković, J., de Becdeliévre, C., Balj, L., & Stefanović, S. (2024) · Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104740 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Cancer and Cancer Treatment on Pubic Symphysis Age Estimation Using Computed Tomography Scans
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“Todd’s [11] original method of aging was applied to this new sample, and it was determined that some of the original ten phases and associated age ranges could be combined [10].”
MethodResult
Bronze age horsemen: An evaluation of pathological and nonpathological changes for indicators of “horsemanship syndrome” of the Strzyżów culture population, Poland, 2000–1600 BC
Hyrchała, A., & Lorkiewicz‐Muszyńska, D. (2024) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.3324
Preservation of the heart in ancient Egyptian mummies: A computed tomography investigation with focus on the myocardium
Panzer, S., Paladin, A., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W., Augat, P., Thompson, R. C., Miyamoto, M. I., Sutherland, M. L., Allam, A. H., Wann, L. S., et al. (2024) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.24151 · Cited by 2
“…(Ferembach et al., 1979), third molar development (AlQahtani et al., 2010), changes in the cancellous bone structure of the proximal humerus and femur (Acsádi & Nemeskéri, 1970; Ferembach et al., 1979), and pubic symphysis degeneration (Brooks & Suchey, 1990; Todd, 1920; Villa et al., 2015).”
Background

Authors: Todd, T. W.
Affiliations: Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author: Todd, T. Wingate
Venue: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1920-07
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 285-334
ISSN: 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
1096-8644
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330030301
OpenAlex: W2122873164
Cited by: 733
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 273.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 31021 d)
Locations: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Classical Anatomy and Histology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords: pubic bone, age estimation, skeletal aging, white men, pubic symphysis, forensic age estimation

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Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

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