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Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis
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“We estimated the age at death to be around 40 years based on epiphyseal closure of all long bones, fusion of the meta-and meso-sterna, and symphysis pubis surface features (stage 6 corresponding to 35–39 years) (13).”
From Computed Tomography Study of the Mummy of King Seqenenre Taa II: New Insights Into His Violent Death (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Cleland J., 1889, On certain distinctions of form hitherto unnoticed in the human pelvis, characteristic of sex, age and race, Memoirs and Memoranda in Anatomy, London, 95
- Aeby Ch., 1858, Ueber die Symphyse ossium pubis des Menschen nebst Beiträgen zur Lehre vom hyalinen Knorpel und seiner Verknöcherungen, Zschr. f. rationelle Med., Reihe 3, 1
- Bonn, 1777, Overhet Maaksel en de beweeglijke Loswording der Beenvereenigingen von het Bekken etc., Verh. Bat. Gen. Rotterdam, 269
- Todd T. W., 1920, Age characters of the public bone, Anat. Rec., 264
- Hunter Joh., 1771, Treatise on the Natural History of the human teeth. Part I, Coll. works, 4
- Home E., 1798, Experiments and observations on the growth of Bones, from the papers of the late Mr. Hunter, Coll. works of John Hunter, 315
- Keith Arthu., 1920, Changes accompanying growth disorders of the human body, J. Anat., 101
- Hunter W., 1761, Remarks on the symphysis of the ossa pubis, Medical Observations and Inquiries, 333
- v. d. Broek A. J. P., 1915, Studien zur Morphologie des Primatenbeckens, Morph. Jahrb., 1
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“Therefore, the first systemic method of age estimating using pubic symphysis was initially studied by Todd (1920), and Brooks and Suchey, 1990 later modified his method to six phases.”
MethodRasia, P. A., Bitadze, L., Rova, E., & Bertoldi, F. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103048 · Cited by 1
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“8 toDD 1920.”
Kom el-Dikka 2014: human bones from Area U
Okularczyk, U., & Mahler, R. (2017) · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.1748 · Cited by 1
Estimation of Age from Symphyseal Surface of Cadaveric Pubic Bones of Northwest Indian Male Adults
Singh, H., Aggarwal, A., Gupta, T., Kaur, H., Sahni, D., Sodhi, L., & Chawla, K. (2016) · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1214 · Cited by 1
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Nagaoka, T., Seki, Y., Hidalgo, J. P. V., Tosso, W., Inokuchi, K., Livia, M. O., Paredes, D. A., & Chocano, D. M. (2009) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.090108 · Cited by 1
“In the case of age at death for adult individuals 15 years of age and older, chronological metamorphosis of the pubic symphysis (Todd, 1920, 1921), and chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium (Lovejoy et al., 1985; Buckberry and Chamberlain, 2002) were used.”
MethodA Keith Phase Burial on the High Plains of Kansas
Hoard, R., Finnegan, M., Weston, T., Thies, R., Bozarth, S., & Rowlison, D. D. (2005) · doi:10.1179/pan.2005.024 · Cited by 1
Petrone, P. (1993) · Papers of The British School at Rome · doi:10.1017/s0068246200009934 · Cited by 1
A Preliminary Report on the Pelvic Brim Index
Heyns, O. S. (1947) · The Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of the British Empire · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1947.tb05386.x · Cited by 1
Le sepolture altomedievali della basilica di Pianabella: sintesi e casi studio
Daffara, D., & Rossi, P. (2024) · Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité · doi:10.4000/12rxq · Cited by 1
Madai, Á., Szeniczey, T., Rácz, Z., Marcsik, A., Tóth, Á. B., Wilhelm, G., & Hajdu, T. (2022) · Magyar régészet · doi:10.36245/mr.2022.3.4 · Cited by 1
“…sphenooccipitalis záródását.9 Az adultus és maturus (40–59 év) életkorúak esetében a szeméremcsont szimfízisének (ízületi felszín) felszíni változását (tOdd 1920; BrOOks & suCHey 1990), a bordák szegycsont felőli végének alaktani sajátosságait (isCan et al. 1984), az egyes borda szegycsont felé…”
“Coneheads” in the Gepid period : Artificial cranial deformation in a community by the Tisza River
Madai, Á., Szeniczey, T., Rácz, Z., Marcsik, A., Tóth, Á. B., Wilhelm, G., & Hajdu, T. (2022) · Hungarian archaeology · doi:10.36338/ha.2022.3.4 · Cited by 1
“…(40–59 years old at death), the estimations were based on the morphological features observed on the pubic symphysis (a type of cartilaginous joint; tOdd 1920; BrOOks & suCHey 1990), the morphological characteristics of the ribs’ sacral end (isCan et al. 1984), the first rib’s costal face, and…”
MethodNagaoka, T., Seki, Y., Uzawa, K., Morita, W., & Chocano, D. M. (2021) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.210505 · Cited by 2
“…(15–54 years) and older (≥55 years), based on the chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium (Lovejoy et al., 1985; Buckberry and Chamberlain, 2002), pubic symphysis (Todd, 1920, 1921; Brooks and Suchey, 1990), first ribs (Kunos et al., 1999), and dental wear (Lovejoy, 1985).”
BackgroundAn introduction to the R language
Nikita, E. (2020) · Statistics and Probability in Forensic Anthropology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815764-0.00028-9 · Cited by 1
Petković, S., Gojkovic, D., & Bulatović, J. (2020) · Starinar · doi:10.2298/sta2070239p · Cited by 1
“Todd 1920 – T. Todd, Age changes in the pubic bone: I the male white pubis.”
BackgroundSkeletal age estimation of the living and the dead: the evolution of methodology
Ubelaker, D., & Longeway, A. (2019) · Age Estimation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814491-6.00003-0 · Cited by 1
Toussaint, M. (2019) · Sprawozdania Archeologiczne · doi:10.23858/sa71.2019.003 · Cited by 1
The case of the pregnant woman from the medieval site of “Preko Slatine” in Omoljica
Djukić, K., Vulović, D., & Miladinović-Radmilović, N. (2017) · doi:10.2298/sta1767183d · Cited by 1
“Todd 1920 – T. W. Todd, Age changes in the pubic bone: I The male white pubis.”
BackgroundWilham, K. N. (2016) · doi:10.18297/etd/2587 · Cited by 1
“The study conducted by DeWitte and Bekvalac (2011) analyzed human skeletal remains at the medieval St.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCRANIAL AND POST-CRANIAL TRAUMATIC INJURY PATTERNS IN VAN CASTLE MOUND MEDIEVAL POPULATION
Erkman, A., Başoğlu, O., Basibuyuk, G. O., Kirmizioglu, P. G., Yi̇ği̇t, A., Yalcin, Y., & Kaya, F. (2016) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.47543 · Cited by 1
Settlements and necropolises of the Early Iron Age along the middle course of the Nisava river
Kapuran, A., Blagojević, M., & Bizjak, D. (2015) · doi:10.2298/sta1565145k · Cited by 1
“Todd 1921b – T. W. Todd, Age changes in the pubic bone: VI The interpretation of vriations in the symphyseal area, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4: 407–424.”
BackgroundDoshi, S., Mangal, H., Kyada, H. C., Shah, J., Vijapura, M. A. T., & Bhuva, S. (2014) · doi:10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20141178 · Cited by 1
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Forensic Anthropology, Odontology, and Entomology
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The new necropolis of the Great migration from Singidunum anthropological analysis
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“_____________ 14 Todd 1920; Todd 1921a; Todd 1921b. 15 Lovejoy et al. 1985; Meindl and Lovejoy 1989, 165.”
BackgroundGiesecke, J. (2001) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.2723 · Cited by 1
“Since the development of pubic symphyseal aging by Todd (1920), the pubic symphysis has retained wide acceptance as a site appropriate for age assessment in human skeletal remains.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan Raap, M. A. R. (2020) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/laq.2020.62
Alfonso‐Durruty, M. P., Misarti, N., Becker, C., Mario Henríquez, U., & Troncoso, A. (2026) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2026.2727553
Bone Adaptation and Labor Organization in Co‐Located Medieval Anatolian Populations
Çakan, G., Erdemir, A., Yıldız, A., Aydıngöz, Ü., Doğanay, O., & Erdal, Ö. (2026) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.70166
Haché, M., Mazières, O., Baccino, É., Loiseau, M., & Martrille, L. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-026-03936-5
“In 1920, Todd [5 ] analyzed the symphyseal surface in order to propose a ten-stage classification based on the study of five criteria.”
Lyu, Z., Yang, M.-Z., Cao, Y.-J., Zhao, Y.-H., Zuo, Z.-H., Zhang, H.-H., Zhu, W.-W., Fang, Y.-C., Huang, P., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-62705-x
Jukic, M., Šlaus, M., & Kizivat, T. (2026) · The Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage9070278
“Age at death was determined based on degenerative changes observed in the pubic symphysis [70,73–75], the degree of obliteration of cranial sutures [70,76], the auricular surface of the ilium [77], changes at the sternal ends of the ribs [70,78,79], and the presence of degenerative changes on the…”
Archaeological Excavations at the North Annexe, York Guildhall
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Müller-scheeßel, N., Fuchs, K., & Rinne, C. (2026) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70289
“Individual traits may also vary across studies because of “collapsed” scores, as for example in the original Todd (1920) phases for the pubic symphysis with scores 1–10 versus the T2 scores in Katz and Suchey (1986) with scores from 1 to 6.”
Panzer, S., Augat, P., Hergan, K., Paladin, A., Zesch, S., Rosendahl, W., Thompson, R., & Zink, A. R. (2026) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.70113
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Simon, A. M., Passalacqua, N. V., & Hubbe, M. (2026) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70232
“Many of the earliest methods for estimating sex, age, stature, and population affinity derive from research with these collections (e.g., Todd 1920; Todd and Lyon 1925; Trotter and Gleser 1952).”
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Mkhonza, S. S., Ngubane, N. P., Aladeyelu, O. S., & Rennie, C. O. (2026) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.70219
“Since the documentation of Todd's [ 11 ] work, most researchers have evaluated the applicability and accuracy of his approach for various populations [8].”
Lorkiewicz‐Muszyńska, D., Jagiełło, J., Wąsewicz-Madejek, A., Rzepczyk, S., Sobol, J., Oberc, J., Łabęcka, M., Teresiński, G., Cugier, A., Glapiński, M., et al. (2025) · npj Heritage Science · doi:10.1038/s40494-025-01840-6
Pandiani, C. D., Suby, J. A., Millán, A. G., & Novellino, P. (2025) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.3406 · Cited by 1
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“O primeiro estudo sobre as características morfológicas da sínfise púbica foi de Todd em 1920 11 , modificado por Brooks em 1955 12 , além de pesquisas subsequentes como as de Mckern e Stewart 13 e Acsádi, Harsanyi e Nemeskéri 14 .”
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“Besonders die Struktur und Oberflächentextur der Symphysen - flächen verändert sich im Laufe des Lebens [51].”
Park, H., Song, S., Woo, E. J., & Hu, K.-S. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14080793
“Over the last several decades, age determination using the pubic symphyseal surface (of pubic symphysis) has been extensively researched [5,16–20].”
BackgroundԵրանյան, Ն., Զարիկյան, Ն., & Սիմոնյան, Հ. Ս. (2024) · Herald of Social Sciences · doi:10.53548/0320-8117-2023.3-271
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Predicting the shape, size, and placement of adult human pubic symphyses.
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Madai, Á., Rácz, Z., Szeniczey, T., Marcsik, A., Tóth, Á. B., Wilhelm, G., & Hajdu, T. (2022) · Anthropologiai Közlemények · doi:10.20330/anthropkozl.2022.63.17
“…a bordák szegycsont felé eső végének alaktani sajátságait (Iscan és mtsai 1984, 1985), a szeméremcsont ízületi felszínének morfológiai jellegeit (Todd 1920, Brooks és Suchey 1990), a koponyavarratok külső felszíni (Meindl és Lovejoy 1985), illetve a szájpadvarratok (Mann és mtsai 1991)…”
Cataldo, F. D., Paine, R., Angelis, M. D., & Coppa, A. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102802
Weston, D. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139013826.007 · Cited by 2
Ágota, B., & Zsolt, B. (2018) · Archaeologiai Értesítő · doi:10.1556/0208.2018.143.10
Estimating Adult Age: Pubic Morphology
Bongiovanni, R., & Hentschel-Fey, K. C. (2018) · The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0223
Kern, K., & Latimer, B. (2018) · The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0493
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“Todd, 1920: 285-339( سیبوپ سیزیفمس یسانش تخیر -4 .)”
Istrate, D., & Diana, A. (2017) · doi:10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23233
“On adult individuals, age estimation was carried out by scoring the appearance of the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium [Todd 1920; Brooks and Suchey 1990; Lovejoy et al. 1985; Buckberry and Chamberlain 2002], and of the sternal rib ends [İşcan et al. 1984].”
MethodThe outline of forensic anthropology: Experience through an exhumation of the 4.3 massacre
Kang, H.-W. (2009) · Journal of Medicine and Life Science · doi:10.22730/jmls.2009.6.2.73
Histoire naturelle de la marche et de la posture humaine : colonne vertébrale et pelvis
Lovejoy, C. (2005) · EMC - Kinésithérapie - Médecine physique - Réadaptation · doi:10.1016/j.emckns.2005.06.002
General and Specific Skeletal Indicators in an Eastern Ontario Identification
Cybulski, J., & Young, J. (2002) · doi:10.1080/00085030.2002.10757536
Reliability of the Suchey-Brooks method for a Sri Lankan contemporary population
Ananda, D., Varas, C., Nahallage, C., Hulathduwa, S., & Winburn, A. P. (2026) · Forensic Science International: Reports · doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100466
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Blundo, M. L., Rossi, P., & Vaccaro, S. (2024) · Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Antiquité · doi:10.4000/12rxp
Danforth, M., Plants, R., & Boone, S. (2023) · Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology · doi:10.62064/rrba.18.03
Putting the People Back into the Pueblos
Harrod, R. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59516-0_6
Nikita, E. (2017) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804021-8.00004-8
Metric traits of the crania and limb bones of medieval human skeletons from Kamakura City, Japan
Nagaoka, T., Miyauchi, Y., Nakayama, N., & Hirata, K. (2015) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.150108 · Cited by 1
Séguy, I., & Buchet, L. (2013) · INED population studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01553-8_3
Metadata
- Authors
- Todd, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Todd, T. Wingate
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1920-07
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 285-334
- ISSN
- 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8644
- OpenAlex
- W2122873164
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 273.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Classical Anatomy and Histology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- pubic bone, age estimation, skeletal aging, white men, pubic symphysis, forensic age estimation
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