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Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

Todd, T. Wingate·1920·American Journal of Physical Anthropology

DOI 10.1002/ajpa.1330030301

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Cleland J., 1889, On certain distinctions of form hitherto unnoticed in the human pelvis, characteristic of sex, age and race, Memoirs and Memoranda in Anatomy, London, 95
Aeby Ch., 1858, Ueber die Symphyse ossium pubis des Menschen nebst Beiträgen zur Lehre vom hyalinen Knorpel und seiner Verknöcherungen, Zschr. f. rationelle Med., Reihe 3, 1
Bonn, 1777, Overhet Maaksel en de beweeglijke Loswording der Beenvereenigingen von het Bekken etc., Verh. Bat. Gen. Rotterdam, 269
Todd T. W., 1920, Age characters of the public bone, Anat. Rec., 264
Hunter Joh., 1771, Treatise on the Natural History of the human teeth. Part I, Coll. works, 4
Home E., 1798, Experiments and observations on the growth of Bones, from the papers of the late Mr. Hunter, Coll. works of John Hunter, 315
Keith Arthu., 1920, Changes accompanying growth disorders of the human body, J. Anat., 101
Hunter W., 1761, Remarks on the symphysis of the ossa pubis, Medical Observations and Inquiries, 333
v. d. Broek A. J. P., 1915, Studien zur Morphologie des Primatenbeckens, Morph. Jahrb., 1

Sorted by citations

Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi‐Nemeskéri and Suchey‐Brooks methods
Brooks, S., & Suchey, J. M. (1990) · Human Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02437238 · Cited by 2,213
“The first systematic study of age changes in the pubic bone, based on a large sample (n= 306), was published by the anatomist TODD (1920) on a skeletal series collected between 1912 and 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio (now called the HAMMAN-TODD Collection).”
Background
Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method
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“[42] and Baker [43], pubic symphysis evaluation by Todd [44,45] and Suchey–Brooks [46,47], chondral articular surface of IVth rib analysis by Iscan, Loth andWright [48–50], ilium auricular surface observation by Lovejoy et al.”
Method
Age changes in the pubic bone
Todd, T. (1921) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330040102 · Cited by 521
Self-citation
Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females
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“Modern humans, however, exhibit a unique, highly delayed pubic metamorphosis [68–71].”
Background
A method for aging the female Os pubis
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Age determination of the male Os pubis
Katz, D., & Suchey, J. M. (1986) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330690402 · Cited by 332
Demography in Archaeology
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ARTICULAR REMODELING IN THE ADULT HUMAN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT.
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Skeletal age at death: the reliability of cranial and pubic age indicators.
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“In the current example, there are six ordered phases within the Suchey ⁄ Brooks (2,12) pubic symphyseal system, so five transition distributions must be modeled (one between phase I and II, one between II and III, one between III and IV, one between IV”
BackgroundInfluential
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“These features are used by biological anthropologists to assist age and sex determination (Todd, 1920; Gilbert & McKern, 1973; Brooks & Suchey, 1990; White & Folkens, 2005).”
Method
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Paleodemography of the Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio
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Estimation of age at death in human males from quantitative histology of bone fragments
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Thompson, D. D. (1979) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs10922j · Cited by 173
Paleodemography: Critiques and Controversies
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Middle Pleistocene lower back and pelvis from an aged human individual from the Sima de los Huesos site, Spain
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Rise of forensic anthropology
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RECENT ADVANCES IN METHOD AND THEORY IN PALEODEMOGRAPHY
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“Age-at-death was assessed based on the pubic symphysis (Brooks and Suchey, 1990; Todd, 1921a,b), the auricular surface (Lovejoy et al., 1985), cranial suture closure (Meindl and Lovejoy, 1985), dental development (Moorrees et al., 1963a; Moorrees et al., 1963b; White and Folkens, 2005; Gustafson…”
Method
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“Age scores were independently obtained, based on morphological changes in the pubic symphysis (PB) and auricular surface (AS) (Meindl et al., 1985; Lovejoy et al., 1985; Todd, 1920), and the degree of cranial suture obliteration.”
Method
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Test of revised method of age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium
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van Gerven, D. V., & Armelagos, G. (1983) · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(83)80162-6 · Cited by 115
“This was also done for Todd's original sample (Todd, 1920).”
Method
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Papathanasiou, A. (2004) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20140 · Cited by 98
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Jurmain, R., & Kilgore, L. (1995) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.54.6.443 · Cited by 105
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Jurmain, R. (1990) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330830110 · Cited by 105
The Recovery and First Analysis of an Early Holocene Human Skeleton from Kennewick, Washington
Chatters, J. C. (2000) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/2694060 · Cited by 114
The (mis)use of adult age estimates in osteology
Buckberry, J. (2015) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2015.1046926 · Cited by 102
“However, they found that the specific method used (e.g. Suchey-Brooks (1990) versus Todd (1920; 1921) for the pubic symphysis) varies considerably.”
Application of the Suchey-Brooks method to three-dimensional imaging of the pubic symphysis
Telmon, N., Gaston, A., Chemla, P., Blanc, A., Joffre, F., & Rougé, D. (2005) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs2004326 · Cited by 101
Influence of the examiner’s qualification and sources of error during stage determination of the medial clavicular epiphysis by means of computed tomography
Wittschieber, D., Schulz, R., Vieth, V., Küppers, M., Bajanowski, T., Ramsthaler, F., Püschel, K., Pfeiffer, H., Schmidt, S., & Schmeling, A. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0932-6 · Cited by 101
A comparison of three established age estimation methods on an adult Spanish sample
Rissech, C., Wilson, J. J., Winburn, A. P., Turbón, D., & Steadman, D. W. (2011) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-011-0586-1 · Cited by 93
“Todd [14] developed the first formal standards for determining skeletal age-at-death from pubic symphyseal morphology for white males in the Hamann-Todd collection.”
Background
An evolutionary framework for assessing illness and injury in nonhuman primates
Lovell, N. C. (1991) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330340608 · Cited by 99
Ancient injury recidivism: An example from the Kerma Period of ancient Nubia
Judd, M. (2002) · doi:10.1002/oa.587 · Cited by 96
Pattern matching of age‐at‐death distributions in paleodemographic analysis
Milner, G. R., Humpf, D. A., & Harpending, H. C. (1989) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330800107 · Cited by 91
Proposing a way forward: A review of standardisation in the use of age categories and ageing techniques in osteological analysis (2004–2009)
Falys, C., & Lewis, M. (2011) · doi:10.1002/oa.1179 · Cited by 91
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Vercellotti, G., Agnew, A. M., Justus, H. M., & Sciulli, P. W. (2009) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.21055 · Cited by 88
Evaluation of the Suchey–Brooks Method for Aging Skeletons in the Balkans
Djuric, M. P., Djonić, D., Nikolić, S., Popović, D., & Marinković, J. (2006) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00333.x · Cited by 85
“Since Todd (2) developed a method based on age-related changes in the morphology of the symphyseal surface, pubic aging schemes have undergone multiple revisions (3–9).”
Method
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Washburn, S. (1949) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330070308 · Cited by 90
Evaluation of the suchey–brooks method of age estimation in an Australian subpopulation using computed tomography of the pubic symphyseal surface
Lottering, N., MacGregor, D. M., Meredith, M., Alston‐Knox, C., & Gregory, L. S. (2013) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22213 · Cited by 89
“Early age estimation techniques of the symphyseal surface developed by T.W. Todd (1920) were superseded by the construction of the Suchey-Brooks (S-B) method (1990).”
Method
Examination of variation in sternal rib end morphology relevant to age assessment.
Yoder, C., Ubelaker, D., & Powell, J. (2001) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs14953j · Cited by 89
Estimation of adult skeletal age-at-death using the Sugeno fuzzy integral.
Anderson, M. F., Anderson, D., & Wescott, D. (2009) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.21190 · Cited by 85
Osteological and dental markers of health in the transition from the Late Antique to the Early Medieval period in Croatia
Šlaus, M. (2008) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20829 · Cited by 81
Race differences in pubic symphyseal aging patterns in the male.
Katz, D., & Suchey, J. M. (1989) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330800204 · Cited by 84
All Roads Lead to Rome: Exploring Human Migration to the Eternal City through Biochemistry of Skeletons from Two Imperial-Era Cemeteries (1st-3rd c AD)
Killgrove, K., & Montgomery, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147585 · Cited by 98
Developments in Forensic Anthropology: Age‐at‐Death Estimation
Garvin, H. M., Passalacqua, N. V., Uhl, N. M., Gipson, D. R., Overbury, R. S., & Cabo, L. L. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118255377.ch10 · Cited by 70
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Finucane, B. C. (2007) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.006 · Cited by 80
Estimation of age from the pubic symphysis by means of multiple regression analysis.
Hanihara, K., & Suzuki, T. (1978) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330480218 · Cited by 81
Transverse lines in long bones of prehistoric California Indians.
Mchenry, H. (1968) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330290110 · Cited by 81
Age‐at‐death estimation in an Italian historical sample: a test of the Suchey‐Brooks and transition analysis methods
Godde, K., & Hens, S. M. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22126 · Cited by 77
New Formulae for Estimating Age‐at‐Death in the Balkans Utilizing Lamendin’s Dental Technique and Bayesian Analysis *
Prince, D. A., & Konigsberg, L. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00713.x · Cited by 79
Dental attrition and degenerative arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.
Richards, L. C., & Brown, T. (1981) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1981.tb00504.x · Cited by 79
El complejo psicotrópico en Solcor 3 (San Pedro de Atacama)
Llagostera, A., Torres, M., & Costa, M. A. (1988) · doi:10.22199/s07181043.1988.0009.00004 · Cited by 79
Inter‐Observer Variation in Methodologies Involving the Pubic Symphysis, Sternal Ribs, and Teeth *
Kimmerle, E., Prince, D. A., & Berg, G. E. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00715.x · Cited by 78
Observations on bone weights
Ingalls, N. (1931) · doi:10.1002/aja.1000480105 · Cited by 74
Periodontal disease in the prehistoric Ipiutak and Tigara skeletal remains from Point Hope, Alaska.
Costa, R. L. (1982) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590109 · Cited by 73
Matters of moment
Bocquet-Appel, J., & Masset, C. (1985) · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80001-4 · Cited by 72
Distortion of the pubic symphyseal surface in females and its effect of age determination.
Stewart, T. D. (1957) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330150109 · Cited by 72
Statistical basis for positive identification in forensic anthropology.
Steadman, D., Adams, B., & Konigsberg, L. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20587 · Cited by 67
Application of the Suchey–Brooks system of pubic age estimation to recent Japanese skeletal material
Sakaue, K. (2006) · doi:10.1537/ase.00098 · Cited by 67
A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Biomedical Image Analysis in Skeleton-Based Forensic Human Identification
Mesejo, P., Martos, R., Ibáñez, O. C., Novo, J., & Ortega, M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10144703 · Cited by 84
“Some of the most commonly used BP methods were developed 50–100 years ago, as Todd’s ten-phase method to analyze the pubic symphysis to estimate age [235], the Greulich and Pyle method based on the atlas [26] from the late ﬁfties, and that of Tanner-Whitehouse [79], developed in 1975.”
Method
The Biological Profile of Unidentified Human Remains in a Forensic Context
Austin, D., & King, R. E. (2016) · Academic Forensic Pathology · doi:10.23907/2016.039 · Cited by 64
Skeletal biology of Apurguan: a precontact Chamorro site on Guam.
Douglas, M., Pietrusewsky, M., & Ikehara-Quebral, R. (1997) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199711)104:3 · Cited by 65
Maternal mortality or prolonged growth: Age at death and pelvic size in three prehistoric Amerindian populations
Tague, R. G. (1994) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950103 · Cited by 67
Incidence of caries and abscesses in archeological Eskimo skeletal samples from Point Hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska.
Costa, R. L. (1980) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330520407 · Cited by 64
Semiparametric method for estimating paleodemographic profiles from age indicator data.
Müller, H.-G., Love, B., & Hoppa, R. (2002) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10000 · Cited by 64
Ontogeny of the Human Pelvis
Verbruggen, S. W., & Nowlan, N. (2017) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23541 · Cited by 63
“The delimitation of the extremities of the pubic symphysis commences between 23–27 years of age, with the inferior extremity usually initiating before the superior extremity (Todd, 1920).”
Background
Estimating Age of Mature Adults from the Degeneration of the Sternal End of the Clavicle
Falys, C., & Prangle, D. (2014) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22639 · Cited by 63
“Although each individual included in this study were stated to have known age, the accuracy of the “known ages” within the Hamann-Todd collection have been questioned (Todd, 1920; Cox, 2000).”
Forensic human identification in the United States and Canada: A review of the law, admissible techniques, and the legal implications of their application in forensic cases
Holobinko, A. (2012) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.001 · Cited by 51
Skeletal Age Estimation: Where We Are and Where We Should Go
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The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai
Jordana, X., Galtés, I., Turbat, T., Batsukh, D., García, C., Isidro, A., Giscard, P., & Malgosa, A. (2009) · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008 · Cited by 60
Symmetrical erosive disease in Archaic Indians: the origin of rheumatoid arthritis in the New World?
Rothschild, B. M., & Woods, R. J. (1990) · Seminars in Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/0049-0172(90)90050-p · Cited by 60
A demographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2) Walworth County, South Dakota: Vital statistics
Owsley, D. W., & Bass, W. M. (1979) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330510202 · Cited by 50
A history of forensic anthropology.
Ubelaker, D. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23306 · Cited by 58
A test of Suchey–Brooks (pubic symphysis) and Buckberry–Chamberlain (auricular surface) methods on an identified Spanish sample: paleodemographic implications
San‐Millán, M., Rissech, C., & Turbón, D. (2012) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.021 · Cited by 58
“The first standards for estimating age based on the pubic symphysis were developed by Todd (1920), who based his work on a sample of white males from the Hamann-Todd osteological collection.”
A Test of the Revised Auricular Surface Aging Method on a Modern European Population
Moraitis, K., Zorba, E., Eliopoulos, C., & Fox, S. C. (2014) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12303 · Cited by 56
“The methods described by Todd (9) and Katz and Suchey (10) are those most frequently used by anthropologists.”
Method
The Issue of Age Estimation in a Modern Skeletal Population: Are Even the More Modern Current Aging Methods Satisfactory for the Elderly? ,
Cappella, A., Cummaudo, M., Arrigoni, E., Collini, F., & Cattaneo, C. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13220 · Cited by 55
Pubis growth study: applicability in sexual and age diagnostic.
Rissech, C., & Malgosa, A. (2007) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.02.022 · Cited by 54

Authors: Todd, T. W.
Affiliations: Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author: Todd, T. Wingate
Venue: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1920-07
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 285-334
ISSN: 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
1096-8644
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330030301
OpenAlex: W2122873164
Cited by: 733
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 273.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 31021 d)
Locations: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Classical Anatomy and Histology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords: pubic bone, age estimation, skeletal aging, white men, pubic symphysis, forensic age estimation

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Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis

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