The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Associations of loneliness with risk of Alzheimer's disease dementia in the Framingham Heart Study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: The relationship between persistent loneliness and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear. We examined the relationship between different types of mid‐life loneliness and the development of dementia and AD. Methods: Loneliness was assessed in cognitively normal adults using one item from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. We defined loneliness as no loneliness, transient loneliness, incident loneliness,or persistent loneliness, and applied Cox regression models and Kaplan‐Meier plots with dementia and AD as outcomes (n = 2880). Results: After adjusting for demographics, social network, physical health, and apolipoprotein E ε4, persistent loneliness was associated with higher (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–2.90; P < .01), and transient loneliness with lower (HR, 0.34; 95% CI 0.14–0.84; P < .05), risk of dementia onset, compared to no loneliness. Results were similar for AD risk. Discussion: Persistent loneliness in mid‐life is an independent risk factor for dementia and AD, whereas recovery from loneliness suggests resilience to dementia risk.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy
Liu, C.-C., Kanekiyo, T., Xu, H., & Bu, G. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263 · Cited by 3,459
Loneliness: A Source Book of Current Theory, Research and Therapy
Blazer, D. G. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.4.492 · Cited by 2,139
Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790 · Cited by 1,971
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017216 · Cited by 1,757
The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective
Mahmood, S. S., Levy, D., Vasan, R. S., & Wang, T. J. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61752-3 · Cited by 1,622
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0 · Cited by 3,860
Associations of Social Isolation and Loneliness With Later Dementia
Shen, C., Rolls, E. T., Cheng, W., Kang, J., Dong, G., Xie, C., Zhao, X.-M., Sahakian, B. J., & Feng, J. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200583 · Cited by 266
Social participation and risk of developing dementia
Sommerlad, A., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Röhr, S., Shirai, K., Singh-Manoux, A., & Livingston, G. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-023-00387-0 · Cited by 207
Akhter‐Khan, S. C., Prina, M. A., Wong, G. H. Y., Mayston, R., & Li, L. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221127218 · Cited by 194
Self-citationSalinas, J., Beiser, A. S., Samra, J. K., O'Donnell, A., DeCarli, C. S., Gonzales, M. M., Aparicio, H. J., & Seshadri, S. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200039 · Cited by 127
Metadata
- Authors
- Akhter‐Khan, S. C., Tao, Q., Ang, T. F. A., Itchapurapu, I. S., Alosco, M. L., Mez, J., Piers, R. J., Steffens, D. C., Au, R., & Qiu, W. Q.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Framingham Heart Study (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Qiu, Wei Qiao
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-24
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1619-1627
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC8460688
- OpenAlex
- W3137696920
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 15.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc25195-41-0-1)
- National Institute on Aging (K24AG050842, K23AG022476, R01AG049899, P30AG013846, R01AG059424, P30AG072978)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-025195)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS017950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- loneliness
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Risk Factors, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
