Parkinson's Disease
Open accessAbstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current PD medications treat symptoms; none halt or retard dopaminergic neuron degeneration. The main obstacle to developing neuroprotective therapies is a limited understanding of the key molecular events that provoke neurodegeneration. The discovery of PD genes has led to the hypothesis that misfolding of proteins and dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway are pivotal to PD pathogenesis. Previously implicated culprits in PD neurodegeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, may also act in part by causing the accumulation of misfolded proteins, in addition to producing other deleterious events in dopaminergic neurons. Neurotoxin-based models (particularly MPTP) have been important in elucidating the molecular cascade of cell death in dopaminergic neurons. PD models based on the manipulation of PD genes should prove valuable in elucidating important aspects of the disease, such as selective vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons to the degenerative process.
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The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is reliant on clinical motor symptoms and neuroimaging; by symptom onset, an estimated 50-70% of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons have already been lost.
“The diagnosis of PD is reliant on clinical motor symptoms and neuroimaging; however, by the onset of symptoms, it is estimated that 50–70% of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons have already been lost [247, 248].”
From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [248]
Neurotoxicants such as MPTP, paraquat, rotenone and 6-OHDA are commonly used to induce experimental PD models by disrupting mitochondria and increasing oxidative stress.
“Neurotoxicants, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), paraquat, rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), are commonly used to induce experimental PD models by disrupting mitochondria and increasing oxidative stress [9]”
From Healthy Human Fecal Microbiota Transplantation into Mice Attenuates MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity <i>via</i> AMPK/SOD2 Pathway (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
PD is characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and nerve terminals in the striatum.
“PD is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the nerve terminals in the striatum (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dauer and Przedborski, 2003
Genetic factors for PD include mutations in α-syn, while mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may also act by causing the accumulation of misfolded proteins.
“Genetic factors include mutations in α-syn (Olanow and Tatton, 1999; Pérez and Arancibia, 2007), while mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may also act by causing the accumulation of misfolded proteins (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dauer and Przedborski, 2003
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
“Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson′s disease (PD), a common age-associated neurodegenerative disease characterized by intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies) and progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system.”
From Progressive parkinsonism in mice with respiratory-chain-deficient dopamine neurons (2007) · cites this paper as [2]
Pathogenic mutations in several genes including α-synuclein, parkin, UCHL-1, DJ-1, PINK-1, LRRK-2, NURR-1, tau, and HtrA2 directly or indirectly implicate a role of mitochondrial dysfunction in familial PD pathogenesis.
“In addition to mtDNA mutations, pathogenic mutations in several genes including α–synuclein, parkin, UCHL-1, DJ-1, PINK-1, LRRK-2, NURR-1, tau, and HtrA2 also directly or indirectly implicate a role of mitochondrial dysfunction in familial PD pathogenesis3, 28, 29.”
From Mitochondrial Approaches for Neuroprotection (2008) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Dauer, W., & Przedborski, S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Przedborski, Serge
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 889-909
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W62603772
- Cited by
- 5,469
- References
- 243
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 250 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 288 · 2022: 309 · 2021: 301 · 2020: 312 · 2019: 294 · 2018: 328 · 2017: 329 · 2016: 276 · 2015: 267 · 2014: 273 · 2013: 268 · 2012: 229
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 38586, R01NS042269, R01NS038586, NS11766-27A1, P50NS038370, NS 42269, NS38370)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neuron loss, substantia nigra, neurodegeneration, protein misfolding, ubiquitin-proteasome system, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, neuroprotective therapy, disease models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Neurons, Parkinson Disease
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