Cited by 219Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesMicroRNA in disease regulationNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

miR‐155 as a multiple sclerosis–relevant regulator of myeloid cell polarization

Open access

Moore, Craig S., Rao, Vijayaraghava T.S., Durafourt, Bryce A., Bedell, Barry J., Ludwin, Samuel K., Bar‐Or, Amit, Antel, Jack P.·2013·Annals of Neurology

DOI 10.1002/ana.23967

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Objective: To define the functional significance of increased miR‐155 expression in myeloid cells in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: miR‐155 expression levels were measured in CD14 + monocytes from untreated relapsing–remitting MS patients and compared to healthy controls. Similar microRNA (miRNA) analyses were performed in laser‐captured CD68 + cells from perivascular (blood‐derived macrophages) and parenchymal (microglia) brain regions in both active MS lesions and noninflammatory cases. Using human adult blood‐derived macrophages and brain‐derived microglia, in vitro experiments were performed to demonstrate how miR‐155 influences the polarization state, phenotype, and functional properties of myeloid cells, in addition to their ability to subsequently impact adaptive T‐cell responses. Results: In MS, miR‐155 expression was significantly increased in both peripheral circulating CD14 + monocytes and active lesions (CD68 + cells) compared to control donor monocytes and parenchymal microglia, respectively. In vitro, miR‐155 was significantly increased in both M1‐polarized primary human macrophages and microglia. Transfection of an miR‐155 mimic increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion and costimulatory surface marker expression in both cell types; an miR‐155 inhibitor decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression. Coculture experiments demonstrated that allogeneic T‐cell responses were significantly enhanced in the presence of miR‐155–transfected myeloid cells compared to controls. Interpretation: Our results demonstrate that miR‐155 regulates proinflammatory responses in both blood‐derived and central nervous system (CNS)‐resident myeloid cells, in addition to impacting subsequent adaptive immune responses. Differential miRNA expression may therefore provide insight into mechanisms responsible for distinct phenotypic and functional properties of myeloid cells, thus impacting their ability to influence CNS injury and repair. Ann Neurol 2013;74:709–720

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/ana.23967

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method
Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262 · Cited by 180,860
NF-κB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses
Taganov, K. D., Boldin, M. P., Chang, K.-J., & Baltimore, D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605298103 · Cited by 4,317
Identification of Mammalian microRNA Host Genes and Transcription Units
Rodriguez, A., Griffiths-Jones, S., Ashurst, J. L., & Bradley, A. (2004) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.2722704 · Cited by 2,128
Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for Normal Immune Function
Rodriguez, A., Vigorito, E., Clare, S., Warren, M. V., Couttet, P., Soond, D. R., van Dongen, S., Grocock, R. J., Das, P. P., Miska, E. A., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1139253 · Cited by 1,833
Regulation of the Germinal Center Response by MicroRNA-155
Thai, T., Calado, D. P., Casola, S. S., Ansel, K. M., Xiao, C., Xue, Y., Murphy, A. J., Frendewey, D. A., Valenzuela, D. M., Kutok, J. L., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1141229 · Cited by 1,477
Identification of miRNA changes in Alzheimer's disease brain and CSF yields putative biomarkers and insights into disease pathways
Cogswell, J. P., Ward, J., Taylor, I. A., Waters, M., Shi, Y., Cannon, B., Kelnar, K., Kemppainen, J., Brown, D., Chen, C., et al. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-14103 · Cited by 943
MicroRNA-124 promotes microglia quiescence and suppresses EAE by deactivating macrophages via the C/EBP-α–PU.1 pathway
Ponomarev, E. D., Veremeyko, T., Barteneva, N., Krichevsky, A. M., & Weiner, H. L. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2266 · Cited by 787
MicroRNA-146a Feedback Inhibits RIG-I-Dependent Type I IFN Production in Macrophages by Targeting TRAF6, IRAK1, and IRAK2
Hou, J., Wang, P., Lin, L., Liu, X., Ma, F., An, H., Wang, Z., & Cao, X. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900707 · Cited by 739
TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes
Jack, C. S., Arbour, N., Manusow, J., Montgrain, V., Blain, M., McCrea, E., Shapiro, A., & Antel, J. P. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4320 · Cited by 734
Self-citation
MicroRNA profiling of multiple sclerosis lesions identifies modulators of the regulatory protein CD47
Junker, A., Krumbholz, M., Eisele, S., Mohan, H., Augstein, F., Bittner, R., Lassmann, H., Wekerle, H., Hohlfeld, R., & Meinl, E. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp300 · Cited by 595

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 48 references

Sorted by citations

Microglial and macrophage polarization—new prospects for brain repair
Hu, X., Leak, R. K., Shi, Y., Suenaga, J., Gao, Y., Zheng, P., & Chen, J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.207 · Cited by 1,366
Multiple sclerosis
Filippi, M., Bar-Or, A., Piehl, F., Preziosa, P., Solari, A., Vukusic, S., & Rocca, M. A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0041-4 · Cited by 1,562
Self-citation
Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease
Prinz, M., & Priller, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3722 · Cited by 1,329
The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke
Ma, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Yang, G.-Y. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005 · Cited by 655
“Increasing evidence revealed that microRNAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of CNS diseases, including AD, Parkinson’s disease (PD), EAE, multiple sclerosis (MS), ALS, and stroke (Butovsky et al., 2012; Junn and Mouradian, 2012; Moore et al., 2013; Parisi et al., 2013; Ponomarev et al., 2011; Sun et al.,…”
MiRNA-Mediated Macrophage Polarization and its Potential Role in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response
Essandoh, K., Li, Y., Huo, J., & Fan, G. (2016) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000604 · Cited by 610
“Polarized macrophages interact with various tissues and organs in diseases such as obesity (81–86), cancer (62–65), and multiple sclerosis (87, 88), thus affecting pathophysiology of such disorders.”
Background
Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy
Pålsson‐McDermott, E. M., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2020) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0291-z · Cited by 589
Injectable Graphene Oxide/Hydrogel-Based Angiogenic Gene Delivery System for Vasculogenesis and Cardiac Repair
Paul, A., Hasan, A., Kindi, H. N. A., Gaharwar, A. K., Rao, V. T. S., Nikkhah, M., Shin, S. R., Krafft, D., Dokmeci, M. R., Shum‐Tim, D., et al. (2014) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn5020787 · Cited by 540
Self-citation
Inflammatory Response in the CNS: Friend or Foe?
Sochocka, M., Diniz, B. S., & Leszek, J. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0297-1 · Cited by 573
“sponses in both blood-derived and central nervous system (CNS)-resident myeloid cells [85].”
Background
microRNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review
Juźwik, C. A., S. Drake, S., Zhang, Y., Paradis-Isler, N., Sylvester, A., Amar-Zifkin, A., Douglas, C., Morquette, B., Moore, C. S., & Fournier, A. E. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101664 · Cited by 426
Self-citation
Roles of microglia in brain development, tissue maintenance and repair
Michell‐Robinson, M. A., Touil, H., Healy, L. M., Owen, D. R., Durafourt, B. A., Bar‐Or, A., Antel, J. P., & Moore, C. S. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv066 · Cited by 435
“In vitro, mir-155 levels are significantly elevated in human blood-derived myeloid cells compared to microglia (Moore et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Targeting mi R‐155 restores abnormal microglia and attenuates disease in SOD 1 mice
Butovsky, O., Jedrychowski, M. P., Cialic, R., Krasemann, S., Murugaiyan, G., Fanek, Z., Greco, D. J., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., Kiner, O., et al. (2015) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24304 · Cited by 358
“miR-155 promotes tissue inflammation by enhancing the generation of Th17 cells,(18) is highly upregulated during macrophage inflammatory responses, and is upregulated in multiple sclerosis lesions.(23,24) Furthermore, miR-155 has been implicated in increasing proinflammatory cytokine secretion by targeting SOCS1 mRNA.”
Microglial-derived microparticles mediate neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury
Kumar, A., Stoica, B. A., Loane, D. J., Yang, M., Abulwerdi, G. A., Khan, N., Kumar, A., Thom, S. R., & Faden, A. I. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0819-4 · Cited by 327
Macrophage subsets and microglia in multiple sclerosis
Bogie, J. F. J., Stinissen, P., & Hendriks, J. J. A. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1310-2 · Cited by 251
Functional polarization of neuroglia: Implications in neuroinflammation and neurological disorders
Jha, M. K., Lee, W., & Suk, K. (2015) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.003 · Cited by 260
microRNA-155 Regulates Alpha-Synuclein-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Models of Parkinson Disease
Thome, A. D., Harms, A. S., Volpicelli‐Daley, L. A., & Standaert, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3900-15.2016 · Cited by 252
“…levels have been described in inflammatory and immune-related neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS) (Junker et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2013), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Butovsky et al., 2012; Koval et al., 2013), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Femminella et…”
Background
Cellular immunology of relapsing multiple sclerosis: interactions, checks, and balances
Bar‐Or, A., & Li, R. (2021) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00063-6 · Cited by 254
Self-citation
P2Y12 expression and function in alternatively activated human microglia
Moore, C. S., Ase, A. R., Kinsara, A., Rao, V. T. S., Michell-Robinson, M., Leong, S. Y., Butovsky, O., Ludwin, S. K., Séguéla, P., Bar-Or, A., et al. (2015) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000080 · Cited by 212
“Cell polarization was performed over 48 hours, according to previously published methods.(1,17) Briefly, microglia were polarized to the M1 phenotype using granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (5 ng/mL), interferon (IFN)-g (20 ng/mL), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (serotype 0127:B8, 100 ng/mL).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Expression, Regulation and Function of MicroRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis
Ma, X., Zhou, J., Yin, Z., Jiang, L., Mu, P., Li, Y., Singh, N. P., Nagarkatti, M., & Nagarkatti, P. S. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.8647 · Cited by 207
“miR-155 Up-regulation Th1 and Th17 increase Plasma, PBMC, Brain Potential [9, 13, 25-27]”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Transcriptional Regulation of Macrophages Polarization by MicroRNAs
Li, H., Jiang, T., Li, M., Zheng, X., & Zhao, G.-J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01175 · Cited by 212
“The authors also demonstrated that miR-21 can control macrophage polarization via regulating the expression of STAT3 and SOCS1. miR-21 mimic inhibited STAT3 and SOCS1 expression while the antagomir enhanced STAT3 and SOCS1 expression in WT macrophages.”
BackgroundInfluential
MiR-124 Enriched Exosomes Promoted the M2 Polarization of Microglia and Enhanced Hippocampus Neurogenesis After Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting TLR4 Pathway
Yang, Y., Ye, Y., Kong, C., Su, X., Zhang, X., Bai, W., & He, X. (2019) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-018-02714-z · Cited by 194
Pro-inflammatory activation of primary microglia and macrophages increases 18 kDa translocator protein expression in rodents but not humans
Owen, D. R., Narayan, N., Wells, L., Healy, L., Smyth, E., Rabiner, E. A., Galloway, D., Williams, J. B., Lehr, J., Mandhair, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17710182 · Cited by 194
“Both stimulation protocols reliably generate the respective phenotypes.(3,28,30) To confirm pro-inflammatory activation, TNF-a production or TNF-a gene expression was measured by ELISA (BD Biosciences, as per manufacturer’s protocol) or qPCR (methods below) respectively in a subset of samples (12/26).”
MethodSelf-citation
Molecular Mechanisms Modulating the Phenotype of Macrophages and Microglia
Amici, S. A., Dong, J., & Guerau‐de‐Arellano, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01520 · Cited by 200
“miR-155 is the most highly upregulated miRNA after exposure to a range of inflammatory stimuli including M [LPS + (IFN-γ)] conditions in both murine/human macrophages (96, 173, 179–183) and microglia (173, 176, 184).”
Background
Curcumin Protects against Ischemic Stroke by Titrating Microglia/Macrophage Polarization
Liu, Z., Ran, Y., Huang, S., Wen, S., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Ji, Z., Geng, X., Ji, X., Du, H., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00233 · Cited by 186
“In addition, miRNA 155 enhances M1 polarization and suppresses the expression of M2 signature genes (Cai et al., 2012; Moore et al., 2013) and is downregulated by curcumin treatment in LPS-treated macrophages and LPS-treated mice (Ma et al.”
Melatonin in macrophage biology: Current understanding and future perspectives
Xia, Y., Chen, S., Zeng, S., Zhao, Y., Zhu, C., Deng, B., Zhu, G., Yin, Y., Wang, W., Hardeland, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12547 · Cited by 191
SALL4-mediated upregulation of exosomal miR-146a-5p drives T-cell exhaustion by M2 tumor-associated macrophages in HCC
Yin, C., Han, Q., Xu, D., Zheng, B., Zhao, X., & Zhang, J. (2019) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2019.1601479 · Cited by 182
Non-muscle myosin II in disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Litwa, K., Horwitz, R., & Lamers, M. L. (2015) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.022103 · Cited by 176
Global exosome transcriptome profiling reveals biomarkers for multiple sclerosis
Selmaj, I., Cichalewska, M., Namiecińska, M., Gałązka, G., Horzelski, W., Selmaj, K. W., & Mycko, M. P. (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24931 · Cited by 169
MiR-155: An Important Regulator of Neuroinflammation
Zingale, V. D., Gugliandolo, A., & Mazzon, E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010090 · Cited by 163
IL-4/IL-13-dependent and independent expression of miR-124 and its contribution to M2 phenotype of monocytic cells in normal conditions and during allergic inflammation.
Veremeyko, T., Siddiqui, S., Sotnikov, I., Yung, A., & Ponomarev, E. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081774 · Cited by 165
Visceral Adipose Tissue Derived Exosomes Exacerbate Colitis Severity via Pro-inflammatory MiRNAs in High Fat Diet Fed Mice
Wei, M., Gao, X., Liu, L., Li, Z., Wan, Z., Dong, Y., Chen, X., Niu, Y. Z., Zhang, J., & Yang, G. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c01860 · Cited by 149
Microglial Polarization: Novel Therapeutic Strategy against Ischemic Stroke
Xue, Y., Nie, D., Wang, L.-J., Qiu, H., Ma, L., Dong, M., Tu, W., & Zhao, J. (2021) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2020.0701 · Cited by 140
“It is well accepted that miRNA-155 expression promotes M1 polarization by suppressing M2-signature genes and that miRNA-124 enhances the M2 phenotype by targeting M1 genes [85-87].”
Background
Mitochondria-associated microRNAs in rat hippocampus following traumatic brain injury
Wang, W.-X., Visavadiya, N. P., Pandya, J. D., Nelson, P. T., Sullivan, P. G., & Springer, J. E. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.018 · Cited by 134
“MiR-155 is known to participate in the regulation of inflammatory responses (KurowskaStolarska et al., 2011; Moore et al., 2013), which also occur at early time points following TBI.”
Background
MicroRNA-30e regulates neuroinflammation in MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease by targeting Nlrp3
Li, D., Yang, H., Ma, J., Luo, S., Chen, S., & Gu, Q. (2017) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-017-0187-5 · Cited by 146
Grapefruit-derived nanovectors deliver miR-18a for treatment of liver metastasis of colon cancer by induction of M1 macrophages
Teng, Y., Mu, J., Hu, X., Samykutty, A. K., Zhuang, X., Deng, Z., Zhang, L., Cao, P., Yan, J., Miller, D. M., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8361 · Cited by 139
The role of macrophages in the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids
Xu, X., Gu, S., Huang, X., Ren, J., Gu, Y., Wei, C., Lian, X., Li, H., Gao, Y., Jin, R., et al. (2020) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkaa006 · Cited by 135
Circular RNA profiling reveals that circular RNAs from ANXA2 can be used as new biomarkers for multiple sclerosis
Iparraguirre, L., Muñoz‐Culla, M., Prada-Luengo, I., Castillo‐Triviño, T., Olascoaga, J., & Otaegui, D. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx243 · Cited by 124
Myasthenia Gravis: Paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity
Berrih‐Aknin, S. (2014) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.001 · Cited by 129
MiR-124 contributes to M2 polarization of microglia and confers brain inflammatory protection via the C/EBP-α pathway in intracerebral hemorrhage
Yu, A., Zhang, T., Duan, H., Pan, Y., Zhang, X., Yang, G., Wang, J., Deng, Y., & Yang, Z. (2017) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2016.12.003 · Cited by 107
Epigenetics in autoimmune diseases: Pathogenesis and prospects for therapy
Zhang, Z., & Zhang, R. (2015) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.008 · Cited by 127
Emerging role of micro RNA s in regulating macrophage activation and polarization in immune response and inflammation
Wu, X., Dai, Y., Yang, Y., Huang, C. Z., Meng, X., Wu, B., & Li, J. (2016) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12608 · Cited by 116
Chitosan polyplex mediated delivery of miRNA-124 reduces activation of microglial cells in vitro and in rat models of spinal cord injury
Louw, A. M., Kolar, M. K., Novikova, L. N., Kingham, P. J., Wiberg, M., Kjems, J., & Novikov, L. N. (2016) · Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.011 · Cited by 109
“An anti-miR towards miR-155 could also be a viable option for delivery to SCIs as the miRNA has been shown to promote M1 polarization in human macrophages while its inhibition blunts the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a MS model.(56) It has recently been shown that miRNA let-7c promotes M2 polarization by…”
miR-155 in the progression of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis
Christmann, R., Wooten, A. K., Sampaio-Barros, P. D., Borges, C. L., de Carvalho, C. R. R., Kairalla, R. A., Feghali‐Bostwick, C. A., Ziemek, J., Mei, Y., Goummih, S., et al. (2016) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1054-6 · Cited by 113
“miR-155 is upregulated in several autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis [18], multiple sclerosis [19], systemic lupus erythematosus [20, 21], and ulcerative colitis [22].”
Background
Central nervous system myeloid cells as drug targets: current status and translational challenges
Biber, K. P. H., Möller, T., Boddeke, E., & Prinz, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.14 · Cited by 111
Direct and Indirect Effects of Immune and Central Nervous System–Resident Cells on Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation
Moore, C. S., Cui, Q., Warsi, N. M., Durafourt, B. A., Garbajs, N. Z., Owen, D. R., Antel, J. P., & Bar‐Or, A. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401156 · Cited by 113
“Comprehensive characterization of the phenotype and functional properties of our polarized human macrophages and microglia was performed previously (11, 12, 19).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
miR-155 Is Essential for Inflammation-Induced Hippocampal Neurogenic Dysfunction
Woodbury, M. E., Freilich, R. W., Cheng, C. J., Asai, H., Ikezu, S., Boucher, J. D., Slack, F. J., & Ikezu, T. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4790-14.2015 · Cited by 96
“…in inflammatory CNS disorders, including human ex vivo specimens and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Koval et al., 2013), multiple sclerosis (MS) (Junker, 2011; Murugaiyan et al., 2011; Moore et al., 2013), and Down syndrome (Keck-Wherley et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013).”
Background
MicroRNA-155 contributes to enhanced resistance to apoptosis in monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Rajasekhar, M., Olsson, A., Steel, K., Georgouli, M., Ranasinghe, U. A., Read, C. B., Frederiksen, K., & Taams, L. (2017) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.002 · Cited by 87
Propofol Attenuates Inflammatory Response in LPS-Activated Microglia by Regulating the miR-155/SOCS1 Pathway
Zheng, X., Huang, H., Liu, J., Li, M., Liu, M., & Luo, T. (2017) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-017-0658-6 · Cited by 93
Emerging role of non-coding RNAs in neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes
Yang, R., Yang, B., Liu, W., Tan, C., Chen, H., & Wang, X. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02856-0 · Cited by 91
“miR-155 promotes proinflammatory responses in microglia and astrocytes by targeting SOCS1 [76, 77].”
Background
A Novel MicroRNA-132-Surtuin-1 Axis Underlies Aberrant B-cell Cytokine Regulation in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Miyazaki, Y., Li, R., Rezk, A., Misirliyan, H., Moore, C. S., Farooqi, N., Solis, M., Galleguillos, L., de Faria, O., Dang, V. D., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105421 · Cited by 90
“Several studies have documented abnormal miRNA profiles in peripheral blood immune cells as well as CNS glial cells of patients with MS, compared to controls [13,14], raising the possibility that such altered miRNA expression might be responsible for immunological features associated with MS pathogenesis.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Small non-coding RNAs as important players, biomarkers and therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive overview
Piket, E., Zheleznyakova, G. Y., Kular, L., & Jagodic, M. (2019) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.002 · Cited by 79
miR-155 Deletion in Mice Overcomes Neuron-Intrinsic and Neuron-Extrinsic Barriers to Spinal Cord Repair
Gaudet, A. D., Mandrekar-Colucci, S., Hall, J. C. E., Sweet, D. R., Schmitt, P., Xu, X., Guan, Z., Mo, X. M., Guerau‐de‐Arellano, M., & Popovich, P. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0735-16.2016 · Cited by 91
“In the CNS, miR-155-5p is implicated in the onset or progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Koval et al., 2013) and multiple sclerosis (O’Connell et al., 2010; Murugaiyan et al., 2011; Moore et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
miR-155 as an Important Regulator of Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. A Review
Maciak, K., Dziedzic, A., Miller, E. D., & Saluk, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094332 · Cited by 90
“Available data identify miR-155 as so-called inflamma-miR, a powerful activator of the inflammation, the essential miR in the autoimmune diseases’ pathogenesis because of its influence on myeloid cell polarization to a phenotypic and functional pro-inflammatory form [12,13].”
Background
MicroRNA Alteration, Application as Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Approaches in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Nguyen, T. P. N., Kumar, M., Fedele, E., Bonanno, G., & Bonifacino, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094718 · Cited by 87
“MS SOCS1 ↑ Blood monocytes, myeloid cells from brain lesion in RRMS patients [131]”
Background
Roles of CircRNAs in Autoimmune Diseases
Xia, X., Tang, X., & Wang, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00639 · Cited by 83
“ANXA2 is reported to be a target of miR-155, whose expression increases greatly in PBMCs and correlates with disease severity in MS patients (63).”
Background
MicroRNA-223 protects neurons from degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Morquette, B., Juźwik, C. A., Drake, S., Charabati, M., Zhang, Y., Lécuyer, M., Galloway, D. A., Dumas, A., de Faria, O., Paradis-Isler, N., et al. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz245 · Cited by 84
Self-citation
Our Environment Shapes Us: The Importance of Environment and Sex Differences in Regulation of Autoantibody Production
Edwards, M. R., Dai, R., & Ahmed, S. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00478 · Cited by 83
Inhibition of miR-155 Limits Neuroinflammation and Improves Functional Recovery After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Henry, R. J., Doran, S. J., Barrett, J. P., Meadows, V. E., Sabirzhanov, B. E., Stoica, B. A., Loane, D. J., & Faden, A. I. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0665-9 · Cited by 84
“microglia and promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype [5, 36].”
MicroRNA-155 Implication in M1 Polarization and the Impact in Inflammatory Diseases
Paşca, S., Jurj, A. M., Petrushev, B., Tomuleasa, C., & Matei, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00625 · Cited by 85
MicroRNA‐190 alleviates neuronal damage and inhibits neuroinflammation via Nlrp3 in MPTP‐induced Parkinson's disease mouse model
Sun, Q., Wang, S., Chen, J., Cai, H., Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Xing, Y. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28907 · Cited by 82
“To date, several miRs, such as miR‐7, miR‐124, miR‐153, and miR‐155, were showed treatment effect in PD via inhibition of neuroinflammation (Doxakis, 2010; Moore et al., 2013).”
Background
Non-Muscle Myosin 2A (NM2A): Structure, Regulation and Function
Brito, C., & Sousa, S. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071590 · Cited by 79
Non-coding RNA regulation of endothelial and macrophage functions during atherosclerosis
Aryal, B. K., & Suárez, Y. (2018) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2018.03.001 · Cited by 78
Mirnas as Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Viswambharan, V., Thanseem, I., Vasu, M. M., Poovathinal, S. A., & Anitha, A. (2017) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2016-0242 · Cited by 76
A comprehensive review on miR-146a molecular mechanisms in a wide spectrum of immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases
Mortazavi‐Jahromi, S. S., Aslani, M., & Mirshafiey, A. (2020) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.008 · Cited by 79
Effects of fumarates on circulating and CNS myeloid cells in multiple sclerosis
Michell‐Robinson, M. A., Moore, C. S., Healy, L. M., Osso, L. A., Garbajs, N. Z., Grouza, V., Touil, H., Poliquin‐Lasnier, L., Trudelle, A., Giacomini, P. S., et al. (2015) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.270 · Cited by 74
“As a marker of myeloid cell inflammatory activity, we chose micro-RNA 155 (miR-155), an established inducer of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, previously shown to have increased expression in myeloid cells from MS patients.(21) We present data demonstrating in vivo effects of DMF therapy on these responses in mono…”
ResultSelf-citation
Noncoding RNAs in multiple sclerosis
Yang, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, B., & Ni, B. (2018) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-018-0586-9 · Cited by 73
Implications the Role of miR-155 in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases
Pashangzadeh, S., Motallebnezhad, M., Vafashoar, F., Khalvandi, A., & Mojtabavi, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.669382 · Cited by 71
“In addition, the Overexpression of miR-155 was found in various cells of the immune and nervous system, including myeloid-derived macrophages, microglia, T and B cells, and astrocytes, besides resident brain cells (73, 75).”
Background
microRNA‐26a modulates inflammatory response induced by toll‐like receptor 4 stimulation in microglia
Kumar, A., Bhatia, H. S., de Oliveira, A. C. P., & Fiebich, B. L. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13364 · Cited by 69
Dysregulation of Inflammasome Priming and Activation by MicroRNAs in Human Immune-Mediated Diseases
Boxberger, N., Hecker, M., & Zettl, U. K. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801416 · Cited by 71
“miR-7-5p MS CD4 T cells Up t versus ut (96) miR-9-5p MS Leukocytes Up MS versus hs (91) RA Plasma Down RA versus hs (99) miR-17-5p MS CD4 T cells Up rl versus rm (95) MS CD4 T cells Down t versus ut (95) SLE PBMC Down SLE versus hs (114, 115) SLE PBMC Up t versus ut (116) miR-20a-5p SLE Monocytes Down SLE versus hs (1…”
Regulation of Macrophage, Dendritic Cell, and Microglial Phenotype and Function by the SOCS Proteins
McCormick, S. M., & Heller, N. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00549 · Cited by 69
“More importantly, systemic delivery of antisense peptide nucleic acids has been effective in rodent models of MS (193, 198, 199), Alzheimer’s disease (200, 201), ALS (202), and ischemic stroke (202).”
Background
Comparison of serum and saliva miRNAs for identification and characterization of mTBI in adult mixed martial arts fighters
LaRocca, D., Barns, S., Hicks, S. D., Brindle, A., Williams, J. R., Uhlig, R., Johnson, P. R., Neville, C., & Middleton, F. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207785 · Cited by 68
Epigenetic Modifications and Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis
Aslani, S., Jafari, N., Javan, M. R., Karami, J., Ahmadi, M., & Jafarnejad, M. (2016) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-016-8422-x · Cited by 69
“…miRNAs (Fenoglio et al. 2012; Huynh and Casaccia 2013; Junker et al. 2011; Thamilarasan et al. 2012; Otaegui et al. 2009; Junker et al. 2009; Moore et al. 2013; Guerau-de-Arellano et al. 2011; Noorbakhsh et al. 2011; Du et al. 2009; Siegel et al. 2012; Fenoglio et al. 2013; Søndergaard et…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
MicroRNA in multiple sclerosis
Gao, Y., Han, D. K., & Feng, J. (2021) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.020 · Cited by 67
MicroRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Huang, Q., Xiao, B., Ma, X., Qu, M., Li, Y., Nagarkatti, P. S., Nagarkatti, M., & Zhou, J. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.014 · Cited by 65
Dysregulated Network of miRNAs Involved in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Dolati, S., Marofi, F., Babaloo, Z., Aghebati-Maleki, L., Roshangar, L., Ahmadi, M., Rikhtegar, R., & Yousefi, M. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.050 · Cited by 58
MicroRNA (miRNA) as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics molecules in neurodegenerative disease
Alkhazaali-Ali, Z., Negah, S. S., Boroumand, A. R., & Tavakol‐Afshari, J. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116899 · Cited by 69
miR‐223 promotes regenerative myeloid cell phenotype and function in the demyelinated central nervous system
Galloway, D. A., Blandford, S. N., Berry, T., Williams, J. B., Stefanelli, M., Ploughman, M., & Moore, C. S. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23576 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Paeonol protects against TNF-α-induced proliferation and cytokine release of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by upregulating FOXO3 through inhibition of miR-155 expression
Liu, N., Feng, X., Wang, W., Zhao, X., & Li, X. (2017) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-017-1041-7 · Cited by 63
“Meanwhile, the expression of miR-155 in patients with multiple sclerosis increased in peripheral and CNSresident myeloid cells, such as circulating monocytes and activated microglia [19].”
Background
Natalizumab Therapy Modulates miR-155, miR-26a and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in MS Patients
Mameli, G., Arru, G., Caggiu, E., Niegowska, M., Leoni, S., Madeddu, G., Babudieri, S., Sechi, G., & Sechi, L. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157153 · Cited by 60
“Different types of miRNAs are regulated in blood and brain lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients [27,28].”
Background
Circulating Inflammatory miRNAs Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology
Oliveira, S. R., Dionísio, P. A., Guedes, L. C., Gonçalves, N., Coelho, M. M., Rosa, M. M., Amaral, J. D., Ferreira, J. J., & Rodrigues, C. M. P. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10060945 · Cited by 59
“In the past few years, miRNA deregulation has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease [9,10], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [11,12], multiple sclerosis [13,14], and PD [15–17], where it contributes to neurodegeneration and disease progression.”
miRNAs As Emerging Regulators of Oligodendrocyte Development and Differentiation
Galloway, D. A., & Moore, C. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2016.00059 · Cited by 59
“…to inflammation and immune cell activity, potential Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology | www.frontiersin.org 5 June 2016 | Volume 4 | Article 59 miRNA biomarkers have been assessed in the peripheral compartment and include the miR-145 and -155 (Keller et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
MicroRNA-155 enhances T cell trafficking and antiviral effector function in a model of coronavirus-induced neurologic disease
Dickey, L. L., Worne, C. L., Glover, J. L., Lane, T. E., & O’Connell, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0699-z · Cited by 58
“sion include regulation of proinflammatory responses in blood-derived and CNS-resident myeloid cells [91].”
Background
Resveratrol promoted the M2 polarization of microglia and reduced neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia by inhibiting miR-155
Ma, S., Fan, L., Li, J., Zhang, B., & Yan, Z. (2019) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2019.1707817 · Cited by 57
“Excitingly, the inhibition of miR-155 has been verified to be beneficial for some neuro-immune diseases [12,13].”
Background
Regulation of brain endothelial barrier function by microRNAs in health and neuroinflammation
Lopez‐Ramirez, M. A., Reijerkerk, A., de Vries, H. E., & Romero, I. A. (2016) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201600435rr · Cited by 55
miR-155 Dysregulation and Therapeutic Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis
McCoy, C. E. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_5 · Cited by 46
miR-330-5p/Tim-3 axis regulates macrophage M2 polarization and insulin resistance in diabetes mice
Sun, J., Huang, Q., Li, S., Meng, F., Li, X., & Gong, X. (2018) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.006 · Cited by 55
Regulatory roles of miR-155 and let-7b on the expression of inflammation-related genes in THP-1 cells: effects of fatty acids
Marques-Rocha, J. L., Garcia-Lacarte, M., Samblas, M., Bressan, J., Martínez, J. A., & Milagro, F. I. (2018) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-018-0629-x · Cited by 56
The potential role of miRNA in regulating macrophage polarization
Khayati, S., Dehnavi, S., Sadeghi, M., Afshari, J. T., Esmaeili, S., & Mohammadi, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21615 · Cited by 59
Meta-Analysis of Differential miRNA Expression after Bariatric Surgery
Langi, G., Szczerbiński, Ł., & Kretowski, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8081220 · Cited by 52
Interaction of transforming growth factor‐β‐Smads/microRNA‐362‐3p/CD82 mediated by M2 macrophages promotes the process of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Zhang, Q., Huang, F., Yao, Y., Wang, J., Wei, J., Wu, Q., Xiang, S., & Xu, L. (2019) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.14101 · Cited by 52
Heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in adult human brain
Leong, S. Y., Rao, V. T. S., Bin, J. M., Gris, P., Sangaralingam, M., Kennedy, T. E., & Antel, J. P. (2014) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.55 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Quaking andmiR-155interactions in inflammation and leukemogenesis
Tili, E., Chiabai, M. A., Palmieri, D., Brown, M., Cui, R., Fernandes, C., Richmond, T. K., Kim, T., Sheetz, T. J., Sun, H., et al. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5248 · Cited by 51
“As miR-155 expression is elevated in neuro-inflammatory pathologies such as MS or ALS [41, 42], our data further suggest that a lack of QKI anti-inflammatory input may result in the deleterious dominance of miR-155 activity, therefore, miR-155-QKI interactions could prove to be significantly important for future thera…”
Effects of fumarates on inflammatory human astrocyte responses and oligodendrocyte differentiation
Galloway, D. A., Williams, J. B., & Moore, C. S. (2017) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.414 · Cited by 51
“miR-146a is an inflammation resolving microRNA whose expression is upregulated in CNS lesions and peripheral immune cells of MS patients.(35,36) As such, the reduced expression of miR-146a in fumarate-treated astrocytes suggests an MS-relevant resolution of inflammation.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Immune and central nervous system-related miRNAs expression profiling in monocytes of multiple sclerosis patients
Amoruso, A., Blonda, M., Gironi, M., Grasso, R., Di Francescantonio, V., Scaroni, F., Furlan, R., Verderio, C., & Avolio, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63282-3 · Cited by 46
Inhibition of microRNA-155 Alleviates Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease and Involvement of Neuroinflammation
Liu, D., Zhao, D., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Wen, C. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190503145207 · Cited by 49
Is It worth Considering Circulating microRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis?
Jagot, F., & Davoust, N. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00129 · Cited by 45
“miR-155 upregulation in microglia promotes its activation, which is detected in part through proinflammatory cytokine secretion (28).”
Background
Engagement of MicroRNA-155 in Exaggerated Oxidative Stress Signal and TRPA1 in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord and Neuropathic Pain During Chemotherapeutic Oxaliplatin
Miao, F., Wang, R., Cui, G., Li, X., Wang, T., & Li, X. (2019) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-019-00039-5 · Cited by 45
Let-7f-5p suppresses Th17 differentiation via targeting STAT3 in multiple sclerosis
Li, Z.-H., Wang, Y., He, D., Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Yue, H., Huang, S., Fu, Z., Zhang, L., Mao, Z., et al. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102093 · Cited by 45
Glial Cells as Regulators of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Central Nervous System
Antel, J. P., Becher, B., Ludwin, S. K., Prat, A., & Quintana, F. J. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900908 · Cited by 45
“This finding contrasts to its upregulation in fetal human astrocytes exposed in vitro to IL-1b/IFN-g and its upregulation in myeloid cells microdissected from acute inflammatory lesions (70, 71).”
ResultSelf-citation
Role and Dysregulation of miRNA in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Salemi, M., Marchese, G., Lanza, G., Cosentino, F., Salluzzo, M. G., Schillaci, F. A., Ventola, G. M., Cordella, A., Ravo, M., & Ferri, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24010712 · Cited by 47
“Evidence in the literature suggests that miRNA deregulation has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [14–16], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [17,18], multiple sclerosis (MS) [19], and PD [20].”
Background
Multiple Sclerosis: Roles of miRNA, lcnRNA, and circRNA and Their Implications in Cellular Pathways
Cipriano, G. L., Schepici, G., Mazzon, E., & Anchesi, I. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042255 · Cited by 45
“…the dysregulated immune response characteristic of MS patients, while upregulated miR-155 was found in peripheral circulating monocytes of RRMS patients. which was found to induce the M1polarization state of human macrophages and microglia, thereby forcing pro-inflammatory responses [54,55].”

Authors: Moore, C. S., Rao, V. T. S., Durafourt, B. A., Bedell, B. J., Ludwin, S. K., Bar‐Or, A., & Antel, J. P.
Affiliations: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
Queen's University (CA)
Corresponding author: Moore, Craig S.
ORCID: Moore, Craig S.
Rao, Vijayaraghava T.S.
Durafourt, Bryce A.
Bar‐Or, Amit
Antel, Jack P.
Venue: Annals of Neurology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-09-23
Volume: 74
Issue: 5
Pages: 709-720
ISSN: 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
1531-8249
DOI: 10.1002/ana.23967
OpenAlex: W1915908724
Cited by: 219
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 13.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › MicroRNA in disease regulation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: miR-155, multiple sclerosis, myeloid cell polarization, microglia, blood-derived macrophages, CD14+ monocytes, M1 macrophage polarization, inflammatory cytokines, costimulatory molecules, T cell response, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Brain, Female, Humans, Macrophages, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, T-Lymphocytes, Cell Polarity, Microglia, Myeloid Cells, MicroRNAs, Cell Proliferation, Adaptive Immunity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

miR‐155 as a multiple sclerosis–relevant regulator of myeloid cell polarization

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks