The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations
Abstract
The ability of cranial morphology to reflect population/phylogenetic history, and the degree to which it might be influenced by environmental factors and selection pressures have been widely discussed. Recent consensus views cranial morphology as largely indicative of population history in humans, with some anatomical cranial regions/measurements being more informative on population history, while others being under selection pressure. We test earlier findings using the largest and most diverse cranial dataset available as yet: 7,423 male specimens from 135 geographic human population samples represented by 33 standard craniometric linear measurements. We calculated Mahalanobis D(2) for three datasets: complete cranial dataset; facial measurement dataset; and neurocranial measurement dataset; these morphological distance matrices were then compared to matrices of geographic distances as well as of several climatic variables. Additionally, we calculated Fst values for our cranial measurements and compared the results to the expected Fst values for neutral genetic loci. Our findings support the hypothesis that cranial, and especially neurocranial morphology, is phylogenetically informative, and that aspects of the face and cranium are subject to selection related to climatic factors. The Fst analysis suggest that selection to climate is largely restricted to groups living in extremely cold environments, including Northeast Asia, North America, and Northern Europe, though each of these regions appears to have arrived at their morphology through distinct adaptive pathways.
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“Several studies have used this approach and found that while most aspects of the skull seem to be evolving neutrally, the shape of the nasal aperture appears to be more differentiated across human populations than expected under genetic drift [9,12,13].”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In these studies, h2 was assumed to be 0.55 and c was implicitly assumed to be 1, resulting in c/h2 to be greater than 1.”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“While our findings provide support for the idea that differences in aspects of nose shape may have evolved across populations as a result of climate-related selection pressures, something that has been demonstrated previously using craniometric data [2,12,13,41,42]”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“While the modern human cranium, overall, appears to be mainly shaped by neutral evolutionary processes [80][81][82] , the modern human face reflects both phylogenetic and environmental factors [81][82][83][84]”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“both the external nasal morphology and nasal cavity are related to temperature and humidity 80,82,85”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“while facial morphology does carry a neutral genetic or population history signal, it is more strongly affected by climatic conditions than other parts of the cranium, especially in high latitude populations 81,82,83”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [82]
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BackgroundInfluentialHuman Variation in Pelvic Shape and the Effects of Climate and Past Population History
Betti, L. (2017) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23542 · Cited by 86
“Both the cranium and the pelvis show a similar pattern, with geographic distance explaining about 30–35% of betweenpopulation shape variance (Betti et al., 2010, 2014; see also Roseman, 2004; Harvati and Weaver, 2006a; Hubbe et al., 2009; von Cramon-Taubadel, 2009a) (Fig.”
BackgroundThe Morphological Interaction Between the Nasal Cavity and Maxillary Sinuses in Living Humans
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“The most important result of the analyses, in fact, is that pelvic shape differences between human populations show a strong neutral demographic history signature, comparable with that previously found for the cranium (e.g., Relethford, 2004a; Hubbe et al., 2009; Betti et al., 2010; von Cramon-Taubadel, 2014).”
ResultFreidline, S. E., Gunz, P., Janković, I., Harvati, K., & Hublin, J.-J. (2011) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.005 · Cited by 72
“…genetic drift (neutral evolution) may have played an important role (Weaver et al., 2007; Roseman and Weaver, 2007; von Cramon-Taubadel and Lycett, 2008; Schillaci , 2008), although selection has also been suggested, especially for some aspects of the face (Weaver et al., 2007; Hubbe et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe contribution of subsistence to global human cranial variation
Noback, M. L., & Harvati, K. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.11.005 · Cited by 66
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“We note that several studies have assessed the correlation of craniometric variables with climate parameters in order to infer environmental selection (Manica et al., 2007; Betti et al., 2009; Hubbe et al., 2009).”
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“…adaptation (Thomson & Buxton, 1923; Davies, 1932; Weiner, 1954; Wolpoff, 1968; Hiernaux & Froment, 1976; Carey & Steegmann, 1981; Crognier, 1981a,b; Franciscus & Long, 1991; Franciscus, 1995; Roseman, 2004; Yokley, 2006, 2009; Holton & Franciscus, 2008; Hubbe et al. 2009; Holton et al. 2011b).”
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“This pattern of variation matches the shape change 158 Journal of Biogeography 38, 148–163 ª 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd observed in the study area, and is similar to changes that previous studies have attributed to temperature (Roseman, 2004; Harvati & Weaver, 2006; Hubbe et al., 2009).”
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“, 2007), with influence of natural selection majorly restricted to extremely cold climates (Roseman, 2004; Harvati and Weaver, 2006; Hubbe et al., 2009).”
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Nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses form variation among modern humans of Asian descent
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“Also, the strongest evidence of morphological retention in the Botocudo Indians is observed in the neurocranium, which has been shown to better reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among modern humans when compared with other regions of the skull (Harvati and Weaver, 2006, 2008; Hubbe et al., 2009).”
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“with allegations that cranial morphology, such as dolichocephaly, brachycephaly, and alveolar prognathism, is supposedly very plastic in nature and responds rapidly to local prevailing environmental conditions (see Boas, 1912 for the origin of this idea; Suzuki, 1963, 1969; Necrasov, 1974; Jantz, 2000; Jantz and Meado…”
BackgroundNormal craniovascular variation in two modern European adult populations
Eisová, S., Píšová, H., Velemínský, P., & Bruner, E. (2019) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.13019 · Cited by 25
“In particular, the two geographical populations analyzed in this survey have different mean cranial forms (the Czech sample is more brachycephalic, whereas the Italian sample is more mesocephalic) but the same cranial size, in agreement with North–South craniometric trends (e.g. Beals et al. 1983, 1984; Relethford, 20…”
BackgroundResultEvteev, A., Movsesian, А. A., & Grosheva, A. N. (2017) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.008 · Cited by 26
“…the exact nature of the morphological changes that have occurred in the facial skeleton as a result of adaptation to climate remains, to some extent, controversial and unclear (Steegmann, 1970; Franciscus, 1995; Steegmann et al., 2002; Hubbe et al., 2009; Holton et al., 2011; Rae et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialStansfield, E., Mitterœcker, P., Vasilyev, S., Vasilyev, S. V., & Butaric, L. N. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86830-x · Cited by 23
Fukase, H., Ito, T., & Ishida, H. (2015) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22786 · Cited by 22
“…and narrower nasal shape than those from hot and humid climates (Carey and Steegmann, 1981; Crognier, 1981; Davies, 1932; Franciscus and Long, 1991; Froment and Hiernaux, 1984; Glanville, 1969; Hiernaux and Froment, 1976; Hoyme, 1965; Hubbe et al., 2009; Thomson and Buxton, 1923; Weiner, 1954).”
BackgroundHumans preserve non-human primate pattern of climatic adaptation
Buck, L. T., Groote, I. D., Hamada, Y., & Stock, J. T. (2018) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.032 · Cited by 22
“In recent humans there is a wealth of evidence that the nasal aperture (Betti et al., 2010; Carey and Steegmann, 1981; Evteev et al., 2014; Franciscus and Long, 1991; Hubbe et al., 2009; Roseman, 2004; Roseman and Weaver, 2004; Weiner, 1954; Wolpoff, 1968) and nasal cavity (Holton et al.”
InfluentialSwift, L., Obertová, Z., & Franklin, D. (2023) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-023-03031-z · Cited by 22
“The underlying aetiology of cranial morphological variation is related to a combination of factors, including mechanical loading of craniofacial muscles, subsistence patterns [25] and climate [20].”
Backgroundvon Cramon‐Taubadel, N. (2019) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21761 · Cited by 22
“Indeed, studies comparing neutral genetic variance apportionment (as measured by Wright's(84) F-statistics; FST) to the phenotypic analogues (PST or QST) 2,75,76,85 for cranial characters have found this to be the case, although some regions of the human cranium, such as the face, are more divergent from the expected…”
BackgroundChaiyasate, S., Fooanant, S., Navacharoen, N., Roongrotwattanasiri, K., Tantilipikorn, P., & Patumanond, J. (2015) · International Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1155/2015/709302 · Cited by 22
“Nine of the patients had isolated unilateral or bilateral sphenoiditis, four patients had pansinusitis that also involved the sphenoid sinus, one patient had ethmoiditis, and one patient had both maxillary sinusitis and frontal sinusitis.”
BackgroundUsing CRANID to test the population affinity of known crania
Kallenberger, L., & Pilbrow, V. C. (2012) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01558.x · Cited by 22
Paranasal sinuses: A problematic proxy for climate adaptation in Neanderthals
Noback, M. L., Samo, E., van Leeuwen, C. H. A., Lynnerup, N., & Harvati, K. (2016) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.003 · Cited by 21
“…of glacial Europe, Neanderthals, with their typical cranial shape, have received much attention with respect to cold adaptation (e.g., Coon, 1962; Schwartz and Tattersall, 1996; Churchill, 1998; Steegmann et al., 2002; Holton and Franciscus, 2008; Hubbe et al., 2009; see also; Harvati, 2015).”
BackgroundMenéndez, L. P. (2017) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23355 · Cited by 21
Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries
Harvati, K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_56-3 · Cited by 21
Population history of northern Vietnamese inferred from nonmetric cranial trait variation
Hanihara, T., Matsumura, H., Kawakubo, Y., COUNG, N. L., Thuy, N. K., Oxenham, M. F., & Dodo, Y. (2012) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.110909 · Cited by 20
“The degree to which morphological characteristics reflect population history or adaptive changes in subsistence behaviors, including environmental factors, has been the focus of much heated debate (Roseman, 2004; Betti et al., 2009; Hubbe et al., 2009; Relethford, 2010).”
BackgroundCastiglione, A., Pizzolante, R., Esposito, C., Santis, A. D., Palmieri, F., & Castiglione, A. (2016) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2016.08.001 · Cited by 20
“We remark that the GS is relative to a specific class of patients, which is characterized by age , gender and ethnicity [21].”
The navigational nose: a new hypothesis for the function of the human external pyramid
Jacobs, L. F. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.186924 · Cited by 20
“This positive selection has been found for measures of nasal aperture (Hubbe et al., 2009; Crognier, 2009; Roseman and Weaver, 2004; Roseman, 2004), nasal skeleton protrusion (Carey and Steegmann, 1981) and living tissue measures (Zaidi et al.”
BackgroundEvolvability and craniofacial diversification in genus Homo
Baab, K. L. (2018) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13637 · Cited by 20
“…H. sapiens is attributable to genetic drift as a result of the serial founder effect over the past 50–60 kyr (González-José et al. 2004; Relethford 2010; Smith 2011), with additional climatic and dietary effects also apparent (Hubbe et al. 2009; Noback and Harvati 2015; Katz et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundKim, S., Ward, L. A., Butaric, L. N., & Maddux, S. D. (2021) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24644 · Cited by 18
Measuring the effects of farming on human skull morphology
von Cramon‐Taubadel, N. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1711475114 · Cited by 18
Stereophotogrammetric Analysis of Nasolabial Morphology among Asian Malays: Influence of Age and Sex
Al-Khatib, A. R., Rajion, Z. A., Masudi, S. M., Hassan, R., Anderson, P. J., & Townsend, G. C. (2012) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1597/11-151 · Cited by 18
Testing Modern Human Out-of-Africa Dispersal Models Using Dental Nonmetric Data
Reyes‐Centeno, H., Rathmann, H., Hanihara, T., & Harvati, K. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/694423 · Cited by 20
Different Cranial Ontogeny in Europeans and Southern Africans
Sardi, M. L., & Rozzi, F. R. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035917 · Cited by 18
“Subsaharan Africans), providing greater surface for warming and humidifying inspired air through the contact with the nasal mucosa, which enables a better thermoregulation [29,31,32].”
BackgroundRoss, A. H., & Ubelaker, D. H. V. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48205-1 · Cited by 17
Environment‐Related Variation in the Human Mid‐Face
Cui, Y., & Leclercq, S. (2016) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23467 · Cited by 17
“…holds even when accounting for neutral genetic distances, suggesting climatic adaptation on this part of the face (Carey and Steegmann, 1981; Roseman, 2004; Harvati and Weaver, 2006; Hubbe et al., 2009; von Cramon-Taubadel, 2009; Noback et al., 2011; Evteev et al., 2014; Noback and Harvati, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialHübbe, M., Mata, A. T., Herrera, B., Sanvicente, M. E. B., González, A. G., Sandoval, C. R., Olguín, J. A., Núñez, E. A., & von Cramon‐Taubadel, N. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227444 · Cited by 20
The influence of climate and population structure on East Asian skeletal morphology
Cho, E. O., Cowgill, L. W., Middleton, K. M., Blomquist, G. E., Savoldi, F., Tsoi, J. K. H., & Bornstein, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103268 · Cited by 16
Quinto‐Sánchez, M., Muñoz‐Muñoz, F., Gómez‐Valdés, J., Cintas, C., Navarro, P., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Paschetta, C., de Azevedo, S., Ramallo, V., Acuña-Alonzo, V., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19324-y · Cited by 16
Rathmann, H., Stoyanov, R. V., & Posamentir, R. (2021) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.3043 · Cited by 15
Effects of Thermal Environment on Bone Microenvironment: A Narrative Review
Yin, J., Guan, Q., Chen, M., Cao, Y., Zou, J., & Zhang, L. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26083501 · Cited by 14
“Humans who have been exposed to high-temperature environments for long periods may evolve narrow nostrils and skulls, which are highly effective for dissipating heat, to adapt to their environment [33].”
Bosman, A. M., Moisik, S. R., Dediu, D., & Waters‐Rist, A. L. (2017) · HOMO · doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2017.08.002 · Cited by 14
“The discrepancy in size between individuals from the samples is not only influenced by sexual dimorphism but also by other factors such as diet, climate and geographic patterning (Bejdová et al., 2013; Hubbe et al., 2009; Nicholson and Harvati, 2006).”
BackgroundEvidence of different climatic adaptation strategies in humans and non-human primates
Buck, L. T., Groote, I. D., Hamada, Y., Hassett, B. R., Ito, T., & Stock, J. T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47202-8 · Cited by 13
Nonmetric Cranial Trait Variation and Ancestry Estimation in Asian and Asian‐Derived Groups
Atkinson, M. L., & Tallman, S. D. (2019) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14234 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Hubbe, M., Hanihara, T., & Harvati, K.
- Affiliations
- Kitasato University (JP)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Harvati, Katerina
- ORCID
- Harvati, Katerina
- Venue
- The Anatomical Record
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-08-28
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1720-1733
- ISSN
- 1932-8486 (ISSN-L)
- 1932-8494
- OpenAlex
- W2105659362
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Anatomical Record (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- skull morphology, facial morphology, climate change adaptation, natural selection, human population history, phylogenetic signal, craniometric measurements, Mahalanobis distance, FST, geographic distance, cold environment, adaptive evolution, human populations
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Adaptation, Physiological, Anthropology, Physical, Anthropometry, Asia, Cephalometry, Climate, Cold Climate, Europe, Biological Evolution, Facial Bones, Fossils, Genetics, Population, Geography, Humans, Male, North America, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Population, Population Dynamics, Selection, Genetic, Skull, Genetic Variation
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