Interactions between Spinacia oleracea and Bradysia impatiens : A role for phytoecdysteroids
Abstract
Plant produced insect molting hormones, termed phytoecdysteroids (PEs), are thought to function as plant defenses against insects by acting as either feeding deterrents or through developmental disruption. In spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) concentrations in the roots rapidly increase following root damage, root herbivory, or methyl jasmonate (MJ) applications. In this inducible system, we investigated the plant defense hypothesis by examining interactions of roots, 20E concentrations, and larvae of the dark‐winged fungus gnat ( Bradysia impatiens ). Root herbivory by B. impatiens larvae resulted in a 4.0‐ to 6.6‐fold increase in root 20E concentrations. In paired‐choice tests, increases in dietary 20E stimulated B. impatiens feeding deterrency. B. impatiens larvae preferred control diets, low in 20E, to those constructed from induced roots and those amended with 20E (25 to 50 μg/g wet mass). When confined to 20E‐treated diets, concentrations as low as 5 μg/g (wet mass) resulted in significantly reduced B. impatiens survivorship compared to controls. The induction of root 20E levels with MJ resulted in a 2.1‐fold increase in 20E levels and a 50% reduction in B. impatiens larval establishment. In a paired‐choice arena, untreated control roots were damaged significantly more by B. impatiens larvae than MJ‐induced roots that contained 3‐fold greater 20E levels. Based on dietary preference tests, the 20E concentrations present in the MJ‐induced roots (28 μg/g wet mass) were sufficient to explain this reduction in herbivory. Interactions between spinach roots and B. impatiens larvae demonstrate that PEs can act as inducible defenses and provide protection against insect herbivory. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:204–221, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Production of 20HE in spinach is elicited by both mechanical wounding and insect feeding.
“Production of 20HE in spinach is elicited by both mechanical wounding and insect feeding [21].”
From Ecdysteroid Content and Therapeutic Activity in Elicited Spinach Accessions (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In Spinacia oleracea, root damage and root herbivory by larvae of the dark-winged fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens) increases the accumulation of PEs.
“In Spinacia oleracea, root damage and root herbivory by larvae of the dark-winged fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens) increases the accumulation of PEs.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
Induction of PEs along with JA reduces the toxic effect of Bradysia impatiens on plants.
“Induction of PEs along with JA reduces the toxic effect of Bradysia impatiens on plants.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
PEs act as an inducible defense and contribute to protection against insect herbivory.
“Therefore, PEs act as an inducible defense and contribute to protection against insect herbivory [193].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
Mechanically damaged roots showed a higher accumulation of 20-HE, by about 3-fold, within 2 days.
“It has been found that mechanically damaged roots showed a higher accumulation of 20-HE, by about 3-fold, within 2 days.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
In hydroponically grown spinach, increases in PE concentrations have been reported after MeJA application.
“In hydroponically grown spinach, increases in PE concentrations have been reported after MeJA application.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
After 2 days, induction of PE concentration was identified in shoots.
“However, after 2 days, induction of PE concentration was identified in shoots.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
Endogenous JA in the roots mediates signals during wounding and induces PE accumulation.
“Thus, it was concluded that endogenous JA in the roots mediates signals during wounding and induces PE accumulation [150,193].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
After an attack by Bradysia impatiens, MeJA application increased PE production about four- to seven-fold in roots.
“Further experiments on spinach using the same inducible system found that, after an attack by Bradysia impatiens (dark-winged gnat fungus), MeJA application increased PE production about four- to seven-fold in roots.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
20-HE accumulation reduced larval establishment of dark-winged gnat fungus.
“Furthermore, 20-HE accumulation reduced larval establishment of dark-winged gnat fungus.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
PEs are potently inducible against attacks by insects and herbivores.
“Thus, PEs are potently inducible against attacks by insects and herbivores [193].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
Shoot concentration was unchanged after Spodoptera exigua (insect) attack.
“Nevertheless, shoot concentration was unchanged after Spodoptera exigua (insect) attack.”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones (2022) · cites this paper as [193]
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- Authors
- Schmelz, E. A., Grebenok, R. J., Ohnmeiss, T. E., & Bowers, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Canisius College (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schmelz, Eric A.
- Venue
- Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-11-13
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 204-221
- ISSN
- 0739-4462 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6327
- OpenAlex
- W1554912632
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect behavior and control techniques
- Keywords
- phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, spinach, Bradysia impatiens, plant-insect interactions, root herbivory, antifeedant activity, methyl jasmonate, induced plant defense, larval survival
- MeSH terms
- Acetates, Animals, Body Weight, Cyclopentanes, Diptera, Ecdysterone, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Immunity, Innate, Insect Control, Insect Hormones, Larva, Plant Diseases, Statistics as Topic, Plant Roots, Spinacia oleracea, Oxylipins
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