Restricted and repetitive behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
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Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) observed during the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS: Lord et al., 2000] were examined in a longitudinal data set of 455 toddlers and preschoolers (age 8–56 months) with clinical diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD; autism, n=121 and pervasive developmental disorders—not otherwise specified (PDD‐NOS), n=71), a nonspectrum disorder (NS; n=90), or typical development (TD; n=173). Even in the relatively brief semi‐structured observations, GEE analyses of the severity and prevalence of RRBs differentiated children with ASD from those with NS and TD across all ages. RRB total scores on the ADOS were stable over time for children with ASD and NS; however, typically developing preschoolers showed lower RRB scores than typically developing toddlers. Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) was more strongly related to the prevalence of RRBs in older children with PDD‐NOS, NS, and TD than younger children under 2 years and those with autism. Item analyses revealed different relationships between individual items and NVIQ, age, diagnosis, and gender. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the etiology and treatment of RRBs as well as for the framework of ASD diagnostic criteria in future diagnostic systems.
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Although the two repetitive-behavior factors are significantly correlated, their different relationships with other characteristics including IQ and age, as well as their different trajectories across development, may suggest that they represent separate constructs.
“Thus, although these factors are significantly correlated, their different relationships with other characteristics including IQ and age (Bishop et al. 2006; Kim and Lord 2010), as well as their different trajectories across development (Richler et al. 2010), may suggest that they represent separate constructs (Bishop et al. 2013).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Kim and Lord 2010
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe number and intensity of these behaviors are diagnostically useful in discriminating ASD from non-ASD.
“While the number and intensity of these behaviors are diagnostically useful in discriminating ASD from non-ASD (Kim and Lord 2010), the number, severity, and persistence of these behaviors across development may be important in identifying subgroups within ASD (Bishop et al. 2006).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Kim and Lord 2010
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- Authors
- Kim, S. H., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, So Hyun
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 162-173
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- PMC
- PMC3005305
- OpenAlex
- W2083559833
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Autism Speaks
- U.S. Public Health Service (H324C030112)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, MH 081873, R01MH078165, R01MH081873)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- restricted and repetitive behaviors, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, preschool children, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, nonverbal intelligence, longitudinal stability, diagnostic criteria, autism etiology, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Stereotyped Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Observation
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