The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., J Autism Dev Disord, 30(3):205-223, 2000) is widely accepted as a "gold standard" diagnostic instrument, but it is of restricted utility with very young children. The purpose of the current project was to modify the ADOS for use in children under 30 months of age. A modified ADOS, the ADOS Toddler Module (or Module T), was used in 360 evaluations. Participants included 182 children with best estimate diagnoses of ASD, non-spectrum developmental delay or typical development. A final set of protocol and algorithm items was selected based on their ability to discriminate the diagnostic groups. The traditional algorithm "cutoffs" approach yielded high sensitivity and specificity, and a new range of concern approach was proposed.
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Developmental trajectories might be a more meaningful phenotype on which to map aetiological mechanisms than a static case-control dichotomy.
“Such developmental trajectories might be a more meaningful phenotype on which to map aetiological mechanisms than a static case-control dichotomy 70,139,140”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [139]
The Discussion (page not supplied) favors continuous scores and monitoring development over relying on strict diagnostic classifications in very young children. It does not propose developmental trajectories as phenotypes for mapping aetiological mechanisms or compare their value with a static case-control dichotomy for that purpose. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlthough deficits and delays in children who will develop autism can be documented on a group level, diagnosing individual children with ASD prior to age 15-18 months is very difficult.
“Third, although deficits and delays in children who will develop autism can be documented on a group level, diagnosing individual children with ASD prior to age 15-18 months is very difficult (Luyster et al. 2009, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Luyster et al. 2009
The introductory passage describes early differences observed in groups of children later diagnosed with ASD. The Discussion says the Toddler Module algorithm was validated only down to 15 months and its sensitivity below that age was not established; the introductory passage also cautions that very early diagnoses are less stable. These passages support the difficulty of individual early diagnosis, but do not establish the claim's specific 15–18-month boundary. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“The ADOS-2 was designed as a diagnostic measure and not a measure of severity or change, but because it is widely used by clinicians and researchers, the hope was that standardized scores could serve as an immediately accessible means of capturing the severity of ASD-related deficits (as exhibited in the context of th…”
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“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale-Toddler Version (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) is a standardized, 45-min, semi-structured play observation used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders in children under age 30 months.”
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“…6 months from intake with evaluations on the three initial modules of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (toddler, 1, or 2) (Lord et al., 2000; Luyster et al., 2009), the Mullen Scales for Early Learning (Mullen, 1995), and the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Behavior (Sparrow et al., 1984).”
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“Fourth, using methodology previously employed for the purpose of identifying items for diagnostic algorithms and other discrimination purposes [39, 54, 55], we identified specific social communication items that discriminated best between the groups.”
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“Another development has been the toddler version of the ADOS, which uses a surveillance model of classification for very young children.(21) The Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children(22) and the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales(23) are also recommended for use in young children.”
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“Children in this study were administered either the PL-ADOS; DiLavore et al., 1995] or an experimental version intended for children under 36 months of age [ADOS-T; Lord et al., in press; Luyster et al., 2009].”
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“For the most part the use of motor skill performance in an ASD diagnosis is embedded in gestures, stereotypies and imitation (Lord et al., 2000; Luyster et al., 2009).”
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“With the recent addition of a Toddler module (Luyster et al., 2009), the ADOS has five development- and language-dependent modules, which are 30–60 min protocols of activities that are based on talking and/or play-based interaction.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPreschool language variation, growth, and predictors in children on the autism spectrum
Weismer, S. E., & Kover, S. T. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12406 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“…A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Measures The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 2002) and ADOS-Toddler module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) are semi-structured observational tools designed to be used in evaluation of ASD.”
MethodTiede, G., & Walton, K. M. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319836371 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“ASD can be reliably diagnosed as young as 24 months, and gold-standard diagnostic tools are validated for children as young as 12 months (Luyster et al., 2009; Ozonoff et al., 2015).”
MethodKim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“However, about 28% of the referrals obtained less decisive scores, showing that such an approach may not be appropriate for all children (See Table 3 and Table S2 in Electronic Appendix).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPagnozzi, A. M., Conti, E., Calderoni, S., Fripp, J., & Rose, S. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.08.010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“…and Mostofsky, 2015; Murdoch and State, 2013), maternal infection and birth injury or trauma (Chaste and Leboyer, 2012), maternal lifestyle and diet (Lyall et al., 2014) and maternal and paternal age (Croen et al., 2007; Durkin et al., 2008), then machine learning methods applied to infant sMRI…”
MethodUpdated report on tools to measure outcomes of clinical trials in fragile X syndrome
Budimirovic, D. B., Berry‐Kravis, E., Erickson, C. A., Hall, S. S., Hessl, D. R., Reiss, A. L., King, M. K., Abbeduto, L., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9193-x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Gaigg, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00113 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“The relative absence of such behaviors is the first reliable clinical marker of ASD (Luyster et al., 2009; see Bruinsma et al., and behavioral evidence (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 2001) lend support to this notion.”
Characterization and Prediction of Early Reading Abilities in Children on the Autism Spectrum
Davidson, M. M., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1936-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“…using the toddler research version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R; Rutter et al. 2003), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al. 2002) or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009), and expert clinical judgment.”
InfluentialPatterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Lord, C., Luyster, R., Guthrie, W., & Pickles, A. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027214 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“…were administered a modified version, intended for children between 12 and 30 months of age, called the Toddler Module (Lord, Luyster, Gotham, & Guthrie, in press; Luyster et al., 2009), Module 1 (preverbal or single words for children over 30 months of age), or Module 2 (phrase speech at any age).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPhonology and vocal behavior in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders
Schoen, E., Paul, R., & Chawarska, K. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.183 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“The TDL group was administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule— Toddler Module [ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009] All control participants in both control groups received a t -score greater than 45 on the Visual Reception subdomain of the MSEL, indicating normal nonverbal ability and a…”
Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1213-1 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“For replications, the total scores can be calculated currently by adding scores from the items listed under the first two domains for the ‘‘12-20/NV21-47’’ and ‘‘SW21-47’’ groups and those listed under three domains for the ‘‘PH21-47’’ group (See Table 2).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationWord learning in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Luyster, R., & Lord, C. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016223 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationSupekar, K., Kochalka, J., Schaer, M., Wakeman, H. N., Qin, S., Padmanabhan, A., & Menon, V. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy191 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Macari, S. L., Campbell, D., Gengoux, G. W., Saulnier, C. A., Klin, A. J., & Chawarska, K. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1521-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Moore, A., Wozniak, M., Yousef, A., Barnes, C. C., Cha, D., Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0202-z · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“At each visit, assessments were administered at UCSD Autism Center by PhD-level licensed clinical psychologists and included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) module T, 1, or 2 [46], Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) [47], and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) [48]; additional family and me…”
MethodSelf-citationDeb, S. S., Retzer, A., Roy, M., Acharya, R., Limbu, B., & Roy, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02973-7 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Rogers and colleagues [22] used ADOS-Toddler [23] and clinical assessment, while Malow and colleagues [24] used clinical assessments based on DSM-IV criteria [21] along with ADOS [4] to make a diagnosis.”
MethodEGGER, H. L., Dawson, G., Hashemi, J., Carpenter, K. L. H., Espinosa, S., Campbell, K. M., Brotkin, S. M., Borg, J. S., Qiu, Q., Tepper, M., et al. (2018) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-018-0024-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Haebig, E., McDuffie, A. S., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0004 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Lebersfeld, J. B., Swanson, M., Clesi, C. D., & O’Kelley, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04839-z · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of symptom severity and language in minimally verbal children with autism
Thurm, A. E., Manwaring, S. S., Swineford, L. B., & Farmer, C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12285 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“The ADOS consists of four published modules and a version of the ADOS developed for toddlers who were under the age of 30 months (Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodLexical and Grammatical Skills in Toddlers on the Autism Spectrum Compared to Late Talking Toddlers
Weismer, S. E., Gernsbacher, M. A., Stronach, S. T., Karasinski, C., Eernisse, E. R., Venker, C. E., & Sindberg, H. A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1134-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“1999) or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module (Luyster et al. 2009).”
Haebig, E., McDuffie, A. S., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1763-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“G; Lord et al. 2000; ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) and the ADI-R Toddler version (unpublished assessment; see Lord et al. 2006).”
Practitioner’s Guide to Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
Steiner, A. M., Goldsmith, T. R., Snow, A. V., & Chawarska, K. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1376-9 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“The ADOS-T demonstrated very good sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample (Luyster et al. 2009).”
Intervention Effects on Language in Children With Autism: A Project AIM Meta-Analysis
Sandbank, M. P., Bottema‐Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Cassidy, M. M., Feldman, J. I., Canihuante, M., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00167 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Scores were then categorized as either “moderate” or “high” using published guidelines for score interpretation (Gotham et al., 2009; Hus et al., 2014; Luyster et al., 2009; Schopler et al., 1988) or guidance from individuals with expertise in the quantification of autism symptomatology from the…”
MethodPramparo, T., Lombardo, M. V., Campbell, K., Barnes, C. C., Marinero, S., Solso, S., Young, J., Mayo, M., Dale, A., Ahrens‐Barbeau, C., et al. (2015) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.20156108 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…sources and evaluated using a battery of standardized and experimental tests that included: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al, 2000; Luyster et al, 2009), the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen, 1995) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Sparrow et al, 2005).”
Self-citationBradshaw, J. L., Koegel, L. K., & Koegel, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3155-8 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Measures included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module (Luyster et al.”
MethodInfluentialAssessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yu, Y., Ozonoff, S. J., & Miller, M. R. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231173089 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis (Lebersfeld et al., 2021) found that the overall sensitivity and specificity of the ADOS-2 and its direct precursors (ADOS-Toddler; Luyster et al., 2009, and ADOS-G with revised algorithms) ranged from 0.89 to 0.92 and 0.81 to 0.85, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialPivotal Response Treatment for Infants At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study
Steiner, A. M., Gengoux, G. W., Klin, A. J., & Chawarska, K. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1542-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“All infants were administered the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen 1995) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) at 12 months of age (see below, developmental testing).”
MethodDow, D., Holbrook, A., Toolan, C., McDonald, N., Sterrett, K., Rosen, N., Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05395-w · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Consistent with the ADOS-2 Toddler Module (Luyster et al., 2009) and the ADI-R algorithm for toddlers and preschoolers (Kim et al.”
Self-citationRogers, S. J., Yoder, P., Estes, A., Warren, Z., McEachin, J., Munson, J., Rocha, M., Greenson, J., Wallace, L., Gardner, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.013 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Frazier, T. W., Klingemier, E. W., Parikh, S., Speer, L. L., Strauss, M., Eng, C., Hardan, A. Y., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.023 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Kim, S. H., Thurm, A. E., Shumway, S., & Lord, C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1696-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“, 2006) as well as recent changes to the ADOS algorithms (Gotham, Risi, Pickles, & Lord, 2007) including those for the ADOS-Toddler module (Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodSelf-citationPramparo, T., Pierce, K., Lombardo, M. V., Barnes, C. C., Marinero, S., Ahrens‐Barbeau, C., Murray, S. S., Lopez, L., Xu, R., & Courchesne, E. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, V., MUNSON, J. A., Greenson, J., Hou, Y. F., Rogers, S. J., & Estes, A. M. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317743251 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Toddlers with ASD from bilingual home environments have been observed to coo and use protoimperative gestures more frequently than toddlers with ASD from monolingual home environments (Valicenti-McDermott et al., 2013).”
MethodInfluentialGarvey, M. A., Avenevoli, S., & Anderson, K. C. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Reinhardt, V. P., Wetherby, A. M., Schatschneider, C., & Lord, C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2223-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule— Modules 1, 2, 3 or the Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) of the ADOS were completed by a trained experimenter and used to confirm participant’s diagnosis at the follow-up diagnostic evaluation.”
InfluentialSelf-citationBrief Report: Adaptive Behavior and Cognitive Skills for Toddlers on the Autism Spectrum
Ray-Subramanian, C. E., Huai, N., & Weismer, S. E. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1083-y · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Computer Vision Analysis for Quantification of Autism Risk Behaviors
Hashemi, J., Dawson, G., Carpenter, K. L. H., Campbell, K. M., Qiu, Q., Espinosa, S., Marsan, S., Baker, J. P., EGGER, H. L., & Sapiro, G. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2868196 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“If a child screened positive on the M-CHAT-R/F, or a caregiver or clinician expressed concerns about ASD during the visit, then the child received gold standard diagnostic testing with the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule—Toddler Module with a child psychologist for final diagnosis [29].”
MethodBlood-Based Gene Expression Signatures of Infants and Toddlers With Autism
Glatt, S. J., Tsuang, M. T., Winn, M. E., Chandler, S. D., Collins, M., Lopez, L., Weinfeld, M., Carter, C., Schork, N. J., Pierce, K., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing verbal responsiveness in parents of children with autism:a pilot study
Venker, C. E., McDuffie, A. S., Weismer, S. E., & Abbeduto, L. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311413396 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 2000) or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Toddler Version (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) was administered by a trained and reliable examiner.”
Parent Perceptions of Caregiver-Mediated Telemedicine Tools for Assessing Autism Risk in Toddlers
Corona, L. L., Weitlauf, A. S., Hine, J. F., Berman, A. F., Miceli, A., Nicholson, A. G., Stone, C., Broderick, N. A., Francis, S. M. S., Juárez, A. O. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04554-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“There are several benefits to, as well as precedence for, the active involvement of parents during ASD assessments (Head and Abbeduto 2007; Huerta and Lord 2012; Luyster et al. 2009).”
BackgroundOosterling, I., Roos, S., de Bildt, A., Rommelse, N., de Jonge, M., Visser, J., Lappenschaar, M., Swinkels, S., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0915-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“However, in this regard, a new Toddler Module of the ADOS with novel tasks for infants and toddlers has been reported by Luyster et al. (2009) to meet the diagnostic conditions applicable to very young and/or severely delayed children.”
BackgroundParental First Concerns and Timing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis
Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Lynch, F. L., Owen‐Smith, A. A., Spitzer, J., & Croen, L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3598-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“While studies have shown that experienced clinicians can detect signs as early as 12 months (Luyster et al. 2009; Ozonoff et al. 2010; Szatmari et al. 2016; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005), parents may also recognize early concerns useful for early identification of ASD.”
BackgroundKover, S. T., Edmunds, S. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2756-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Diagnosis ofASDwas based onbest estimate clinical diagnosis using DSM-IV TR criteria and information from the ADOS (Lord et al. 2002) or ADOS-T (Luyster et al. 2009) and the toddler research version of the ADI-R (Rutter et al. 2003).”
Digital Behavioral Phenotyping Detects Atypical Pattern of Facial Expression in Toddlers with Autism
Carpenter, K. L. H., Hahemi, J., Campbell, K., Lippmann, S. J., Baker, J. P., Egger, H., Espinosa, S., Vermeer, S., Sapiro, G., & Dawson, G. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2391 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“As part of their participation in the study, children who either failed the M-CHAT-R/F or for whom there was caregiver or physician concern about possible ASD underwent diagnostic testing using the ADOS-Toddler (ADOST) [Luyster et al., 2009] conducted by a licensed psychologist or research-reliable examiner supervised…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrajectories of Autism Severity in Early Childhood
Venker, C. E., Ray-Subramanian, C. E., Bolt, D. M., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1903-y · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Identification of a distinct developmental and behavioral profile in children with Dup15q syndrome
DiStefano, C., Gulsrud, A. C., Huberty, S., Kasari, C. L., Cook, E. H., Reiter, L. T., Thibert, R. L., & Jeste, S. (2016) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9152-y · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Version (ADOS-2) [35, 36].”
MethodCanu, D., der Paelt, S. V., Canal‐Bedia, R., de la Paz, M. P., Vanvuchelen, M., & Roeyers, H. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01487-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Social orienting and joint attention in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders
Franchini, M., Glaser, B., de Wilde, H. W., Gentaz, É., D, S. E. M., & Schaer, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178859 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Aggressive Behaviors and Verbal Communication Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorders
GIACOMO, A. D., Craig, F., Terenzio, V., Coppola, A., Campa, M. G., & Passeri, G. (2016) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x16644360 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“We only selected children with a diagnosis of ASD according to DSM-5 criteria, confirmed by the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADIR)(14) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).(15) Children with ascertained neurological disorders (ie, epilepsy, cerebral palsy) and genetic syndromes (ie, X fragile,…”
MethodHaebig, E., Kaushanskaya, M., & Weismer, S. E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2534-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ray-Subramanian, C. E., & Weismer, S. E. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1463-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“An additional toddler module (Luyster et al. 2009) was used for participants under 30 months of age.”
MethodFrazier, T. W., Klingemier, E. W., Anderson, C. J., Gengoux, G. W., Youngstrom, E. A., & Hardan, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04900-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cluster Analysis of Autistic Patients Based on Principal Pathogenetic Components
Sacco, R., Lenti, C., Saccani, M., Curatolo, P., Manzi, B., Bravaccio, C., & Persico, A. M. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1226 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Advances in the early detection of autism
Zwaigenbaum, L. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3283372430 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Autism in Toddlers Born Very Preterm
Pritchard, M. A., de Dassel, T., Beller, E., Bogossian, F. E., Johnston, L., Paynter, J. M., Russo, S., & Scott, J. G. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1949 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Individual Differences in the Real‐Time Comprehension of Children with ASD
Venker, C. E., Eernisse, E. R., Saffran, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1304 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…were determined by an experienced clinician through integration of information from the ADOS [Lord et al., 2002] or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module [Luyster et al., 2009], the Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised [Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003], and clinical expertise.”
MethodConti, E., Mitra, J., Calderoni, S., Pannek, K., Shen, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Rose, S., Mazzotti, S., Scelfo, D., Tosetti, M., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23520 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Subjects diagnosed with ASD, according to DSM-IV TR, also were evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) [Lord et al., 2000] or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T) [Luyster et al., 2009].”
BackgroundAdaptation and Validation of the ADOS-2, Polish Version
Chojnicka, I., & Pisula, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01916 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“, 2007, 2008) and Toddler Module algorithms (Luyster et al., 2009) to the dataset from the Polish validation sample.”
MethodNarzisi, A., Calderoni, S., Maestro, S., Calugi, S., Mottes, E., & Muratori, F. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Zander, E., Sturm, H., & Bölte, S. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313516199 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Thus, more recently, the new ADOS toddler module (Luyster et al., 2009) was developed.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLuyster, R., Wagner, J., Vogel‐Farley, V. K., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2011) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-011-0176-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“By 12 months of age, however, an early ASD profile can be identified (Luyster et al. 2009; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., Bishop, S., Esler, A., Hus, V., Oti, R., Richler, J., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luyster, Rhiannon
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2009-05-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1305-1320
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC2893552
- OpenAlex
- W2022345199
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, F31MH73210-02, R25MH057167, R01MH078165, F32MH066469, R01MH080134, MH066469, F31MH073210, MH57167)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, diagnostic assessment, diagnostic algorithm, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, developmental delay, young children
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Algorithms, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Pilot Projects, Play and Playthings, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
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