Developmental trajectories of restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests in children with autism spectrum disorders
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This study examined how restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBs) developed over time in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). One hundred ninety-two children referred for a diagnosis of autism at age 2, and 22 children with nonspectrum development disorders were evaluated with a battery of cognitive and diagnostic measures at age 2 and subsequently at ages 3, 5, and 9. Factor analysis of the RRB items on the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised revealed two RRB factors at each wave of data collection, one comprising “repetitive sensorimotor” (RSM) behaviors and the other “insistence on sameness” (IS) behaviors. For children with ASD, RSM scores remained relatively high over time, indicating consistent severity, whereas IS scores started low and increased over time, indicating worsening. Having a higher nonverbal intelligence (NVIQ) at age 2 was associated with milder concurrent RSM behaviors and with improvement in these behaviors over time. There was no relationship between NVIQ at age 2 and IS behaviors. However, milder social/communicative impairment, at age 2 was associated with more severe concurrent IS behaviors. Trajectory analysis revealed considerable heterogeneity in patterns of change over time for both kinds of behaviors. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of RRBs in ASD and other disorders, making prognoses about how RRBs will develop in children with ASD as they get older, and using RRBs to identify ASD phenotypes in genetic studies.
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The "repetitive sensory-motor behaviors" factor has been found to be negatively associated with IQ and age, while the "insistence on sameness" factor has shown no relationship or a slightly positive relationship with IQ and age.
“Interestingly, the “repetitive sensory-motor behaviors” factor has been found to be negatively associated with IQ and age, while the “insistence on sameness” factor has shown no relationship or a slightly positive relationship with IQ and age (Bishop et al. 2006; Richler et al. 2010).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Richler et al. 2010
Although the two repetitive-behavior factors are significantly correlated, their different relationships with other characteristics including IQ and age, as well as their different trajectories across development, may suggest that they represent separate constructs.
“Thus, although these factors are significantly correlated, their different relationships with other characteristics including IQ and age (Bishop et al. 2006; Kim and Lord 2010), as well as their different trajectories across development (Richler et al. 2010), may suggest that they represent separate constructs (Bishop et al. 2013).”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Richler et al. 2010
The use of a smaller number of broader principles leaves room for changes across development within the ASD domains.
“The use of a smaller number of broader principles also leaves room for changes across development within the ASD domains, a phenomenon that is very well documented in research (e.g., Charman et al. 2005, Richler et al. 2010, Shattuck et al. 2007).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Richler et al. 2010
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- Authors
- Richler, J., Huerta, M., Bishop, S. L., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Richler, Jennifer
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-26
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-69
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2893549
- OpenAlex
- W2037364737
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 13.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS2482)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, R01MH078165)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, T32HD007489)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- restricted and repetitive behaviors, autism spectrum disorder, developmental trajectories, insistence on sameness, nonverbal intelligence
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Compulsive Behavior, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Severity of Illness Index, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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