Implication of hypocholesterolemia in autism spectrum disorder and its associated comorbidities: A retrospective case–control study
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with low cholesterol levels in a limited number of studies. However, the prevalence of hypocholesterolemia as well as the degree of association with ASD remains to be elucidated. We therefore sought to investigate the lipid profiles of a group of French‐Canadian ASD individuals. The medical records of 79 ASD individuals and 79 age and gender‐matched healthy controls were retrospectively reviewed. The fasting lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and low‐density lipoprotein were extracted for individuals of both groups along with the following clinical data: anthropometric measurements, medication use and associated disorders. Lipid parameters were compared to age and gender‐based normative population and categorized in centile groups. The prevalence of hypocholesterolemia was revealed to be more than threefold higher in ASD individuals as compared to the general population (23%; P = 0.005). The 25th centile was determined as a potential TC threshold that could best predict the ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58–6.65; P < 0.001). This study identified specific ASD comorbidities associated with hypocholesterolemia: TC levels below the 10th centile were associated with a higher rate of ASD‐associated intellectual disability (OR = 3.33; 95% CI: 1.26–8.00) and anxiety/depression (OR = 4.74; 95% CI: 1.40–15.73). Overall, these results support a potential association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD occurrence. Application of this study to larger populations is urging to provide more extensive data that may further elucidate the association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1860–1869. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary: Association of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with abnormally low levels of cholesterol (hypocholesterolemia) has been documented before. These studies were incomplete, and the conclusion remains speculative. Here, we reviewed the medical records of 79 French‐Canadian ASD individuals and compared their total cholesterol (TC) levels to healthy individuals matched for age and gender. We observed four times more hypocholesterolemia in ASD than in the general population. Furthermore, low TC in ASD was associated with higher rates of ASD‐associated intellectual disability and anxiety/depression. Our results support an association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD and open novel opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of specific forms of ASD.
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Findings of lipid abnormalities have been inconsistent in reported ASD studies.
“Findings of lipid abnormalities have been inconsistent in reported ASD studies [56–59, 64], although this might be partially due to varying dietary intake in countries where the studies were performed.”
From Sterol and lipid analyses identifies hypolipidemia and apolipoprotein disorders in autism associated with adaptive functioning deficits (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Benachenhou, S., Etcheverry, A., Galarneau, L., Dubé, J., & Çaku, A.
- Affiliations
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Çaku, Artuela
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-08-06
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1860-1869
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- OpenAlex
- W2965982384
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- hypocholesterolemia, autism spectrum disorder, total cholesterol, lipid profile, comorbidities, intellectual disability, anxiety, depression, French-Canadian population, prevalence, diagnostic thresholds, dyslipidemia
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Cholesterol, Female, France, Humans, Male, Quebec, Retrospective Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
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