Eight types of product–service system: Eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet
Abstract
Abstract Function‐oriented business models or product–service systems (PSSs) are often seen as an excellent means for achieving ‘factor 4’. SusProNet, an EU network on PSSs, showed a more complicated reality. At least eight different types of PSS exist, with quite diverging economic and environmental characteristics. The economic potential of each type was evaluated in terms of (i) tangible and intangible value for the user, (ii) tangible costs and risk premium for the provider, (iii) capital/investment needs and (iv) issues such as the providers' position in the value chain and client relations. The environmental potential was evaluated by checking the relevance of certain impact reduction mechanisms (e.g. more intensive use of capital goods, inherent incentives for sustainable user and provider behaviour etc.). Most PSS types will result in marginal environmental improvements at best. The exception is the PSS type known as functional results, but here liability and risk premium issues, amongst others, need a solution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
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As PSS offerings approach 'result oriented' offerings, the definition of technical performance expands to include not only the technical integrity and direct output of components but the final operational outcome the system should deliver to the client's processes.
“As we approach”
PSS can be realized by adding additional services to a product, sharing and leasing, and by providing a function.
“This can be realized by adding additional services to a product, sharing and leasing, and by providing a function, e.g., a result with no predetermined product such as a pay-per-service unit or a function (see Tukker, 2004).”
From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Tukker, 2004
The CPP contract corresponds to a product-related PSS where the product is the main part and different types of services are added.
“If compared to the PSS types, this CPP contract corresponds to a product-related PSS where the product is the main part and different types of services are added (see Tukker, 2004).”
From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Tukker, 2004
If the business model had been more geared toward proving a result, the supplier would have been responsible for the flow.
“This would not have been the case if the business model had been more geared toward proving a result (see Tukker, 2004), since the supplier would then have been responsible for the flow.”
From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Tukker, 2004
The analysis identified two types of reuse behaviour modes: exclusive reuse and sequential reuse.
“Building on previous work of Tukker [46] and Wieser [47] and the data analysed in this research, two types of reuse behaviour modes were identified, namely exclusive reuse and sequential reuse.”
From Characterisation and environmental value proposition of reuse models for fast-moving consumer goods: reusable packaging and products (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
In these instances, preparation and recovery functions are fulfilled through the provision of services, highlighting that reusable products exist within systemic structures typical of product-service systems (PSS).
“In these instances, the preparation and recovery functions are fulfilled through the provision of services, highlighting that reusable products exist within systemic structures that are typical of product-service systems (PSS) [46,97].”
From Characterisation and environmental value proposition of reuse models for fast-moving consumer goods: reusable packaging and products (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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“This would not have been the case if the business model had been more geared toward proving a result (see Tukker, 2004), since the supplier would then have been responsible for the flow.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
- Authors
- Tukker, A.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Tukker, Arnold
- ORCID
- Tukker, Arnold
- Venue
- Business Strategy and the Environment
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 246-260
- ISSN
- 0964-4733 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0836
- OpenAlex
- W2052447638
- Cited by
- 2,456
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 133 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 170 · 2019: 204 · 2018: 204 · 2017: 152 · 2016: 139 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 12.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Business Strategy and the Environment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Service and Product Innovation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Keywords
- product-service systems, sustainability, environmental impact reduction, economic potential, risk premium, value chain, customer relationships
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