Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Public procurement can make a difference to sustainable development if done in the right way.

“public procurement can make a difference to sustainable development if done in the right way (Milios, 2017;Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019).”

• cites Milios, 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019 sourceCould not verify

  The available passages from the indexed copy contain the title, keywords, bibliographic details, and an SDG listing, but no substantive discussion of procurement’s effect on sustainable development. Searches for the claimed conditional benefit and related paraphrases found no passage that addresses it. (LLM, conf=0.71)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Remanufacturing is an interesting prospect for furniture because furniture has the potential for a long life and is expensive to replace.

“Remanufacturing, i.e., refurbishing and upgrading where the value of the product is maintained (Beamon, 1999), is thus an interesting prospect for furniture since it has the potential for a long life and is expensive to replace (Öhgren et al., 2019).”

• cites Beamon, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Öhgren et al., 2019 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The EU's policy focus does not reflect holistic plans and narratives, and emphasizes 'end-of-pipe' solutions.

“Although plans and narratives are holistic, the EU's policy focus does not reflect this, and emphasizes 'end-of-pipe' solutions (Calisto Friant et al., 2021).”

• cites Calisto Friant et al., 2021 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Research has focused on concepts and less on real-world applications and processes in the circular economy.

“Other studies suggest that research has focused on concepts and less on real-world applications and processes (Leipold et al., 2023).”

• cites Leipold et al., 2023 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By carefully selecting materials and increasing the use of furniture, its environmental impact can be reduced.

“and by carefully selecting materials and increasing the use of the furniture, its environmental impact can be reduced (Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016).”

• cites Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Product-service systems (PSS) is a complementary field of literature that offers the perspective of circular business models and is a way to implement circularity through CPP.

“PSS is a complementary field of literature that offers the perspective of circular business models and is a way to implement circularity through CPP (see, e.g., Bocken et al., 2016;Milios, 2018).”

• cites Bocken et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Milios, 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The increased complexity of contracts and efforts to change management routines are often too bothersome for procuring organizations.

“Furthermore, the increased complexity of contracts and efforts to change management routines are often too bothersome for procuring organizations (Öhgren et al., 2019).”

• cites Öhgren et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5 says that PSS procurement requires extensive change-management work, involves considerably more complex contracts, and may be cumbersome for public authorities. It does not establish that these demands are often too bothersome for procuring organizations; that phrasing turns a qualified possibility into a general finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Product-service systems (PSS) are a way for public procurement to be more resource efficient and decrease consumption.

“This type of circular business model, known as productservice systems (PSS), mainly used in the private sector, is also a way for public procurement to be more resource efficient and decrease consumption (Milios, 2017).”

• cites Milios, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  In “Public procurement for resource efficiency” (page unavailable), the paper proposes bringing PSS into public procurement and describes procurement as a tool for resource efficiency. It says green and innovation procurement can affect consumption, but does not specifically say that PSS in public procurement decreases consumption. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Drivers of CPP implementation include change agents within the organization and clear policy and incentives.

“while drivers include change agents within the organization and clear policy and incentives (Testa et al., 2012;Grandia et al., 2015;Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019;Qazi and Appolloni, 2022).”

• cites Testa et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Grandia et al., 2015 sourceCould not verify

  The available passages contain bibliographic metadata (labelled Abstract, no page number), not findings about drivers of procurement implementation. Searches for change agents, policy and incentives returned no substantive passage, so this copy cannot verify the attribution. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019 sourceCould not verify

  The available passages are bibliographic metadata and keywords (labeled Abstract; no page numbers), not a discussion of CPP implementation. Searches for change agents, organizational drivers, policy, and incentives found no passage addressing the claim, so it cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are a few examples of viable PSS business models for furniture, including services such as refurbishing, relocating and recycling, maintenance and repair, and remanufacturing.

“There are a few examples of viable PSS business models for furniture, including services such as refurbishing, relocating and recycling (Copani and Behnam, 2020), maintenance and repair (Inagaki et al., 2022), and remanufacturing (Krystofik et al., 2018).”

• cites Copani and Behnam, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Inagaki et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4 identifies an office-furniture leasing PSS, and Section 5.1 says it required maintenance. The paper does not describe repair as a service or establish that this furniture business model was viable; instead, Section 5.1 reports barriers to maintaining and managing it. The other services in the citing sentence have separate citations and are not assessed here. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Krystofik et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PSS are business models that aim to provide incentives for more intensive product use, reuse of parts, decoupling value from the delivered physical product, and prolonging product life.

“Product-service systems (PSS) are business models that aim to provide incentives for more intensive product use, reuse of parts, decoupling value from the delivered physical product (see, e.g., Tukker, 2015;Kjaer et al., 2016), and prolonging product life (Bocken et al., 2016).”

• cites Tukker, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kjaer et al., 2016 sourceCould not verify

  The returned passages from our copy are bibliographic and keyword entries labeled Abstract (no page number); they do not describe PSS incentives or decoupling value from a physical product. Searches for those concepts, including reuse and intensive use, found no passage that addresses the attributed claim. The separate claim about prolonging product life is cited to Bocken et al., not Kjaer et al. (LLM, conf=0.71)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Bocken et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Standardized parts in modules can facilitate both servicing and remanufacturing.

“Standardized parts in modules can facilitate both servicing and remanufacturing (Lindkvist and Sundin, 2016), and by carefully selecting materials and increasing the use of the furniture, its environmental impact can be reduced (Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016).”

• cites Lindkvist and Sundin, 2016 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Research generally holds that office furniture is not suitable for a contract where the provider keeps ownership of the furniture, such as leasing or providing a function for the furniture.

“Research generally holds that office furniture is not suitable for a contract where the provider keeps ownership of the furniture, such as leasing or providing a function for the furniture (Besch, 2005;Krystofik et al., 2018;Öhgren et al., 2019).”

• cites Besch, 2005 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion and Recommendations (section 7; page not provided) identifies long use periods and resistance to renting as barriers, supporting the claim that provider-owned arrangements face difficulties. But it says the evidence does not give an absolutely clear picture of practical applicability, while the PSS Scenario (section 3; page not provided) describes potential benefits of provider ownership. The source therefore does not support the categorical claim that office furniture is unsuitable for such contracts. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Krystofik et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Öhgren et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5 says furniture leasing and function-based procurement face limited interest and complex contracts; the Conclusions say it is uncertain how public authorities can handle PSS contract requirements. But the paper does not hold that office furniture is generally unsuitable for provider-owned arrangements: Section 5 also describes potential environmental and cost benefits from leasing. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inventory capacity and cost are vital parts of a business model, including remanufacturing.

“Thus, inventory capacity and cost are vital parts of a business model, including remanufacturing (Tolio et al., 2017).”

• cites Tolio et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.2 links robust inventory planning to the effectiveness of de- and remanufacturing business models and identifies pressure to reduce operating costs. Section 4.6 mentions inventory capacity and costs together, but as elements of a model for end-of-life vehicle recycling, not as generally vital parts of remanufacturing business models. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Design choices made for new furniture need to consider the furniture's lifetime, maximize recycling and remanufacturing options, and consider the materials to be used.

“Design choices made for new furniture need to consider the furniture's lifetime, maximize recycling and remanufacturing options, and consider the materials to be used (Bumgardner and Nicholls, 2020), i.e., minimizing the number of materials and components, making them easy to identity and separate, and increasing the use of recyclable and reusable materials (Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016).”

• cites Bumgardner and Nicholls, 2020 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To improve the possibility for remanufacturing, proactive choices must be taken in the design phase.

“To improve the possibility for remanufacturing, proactive choices must be taken in the design phase (see, e.g., Sundin et al., 2009).”

• cites Sundin et al., 2009 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Minimizing the number of materials and components, making them easy to identify and separate, and increasing the use of recyclable and reusable materials can reduce environmental impact.

“i.e., minimizing the number of materials and components, making them easy to identity and separate, and increasing the use of recyclable and reusable materials (Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016).”

• cites Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Common barriers to CPP implementation include a lack of knowledge and resources, a lack of commitment from top management, unfavorable mindset, and a lack of product in the market.

“Common barriers include a lack of knowledge and resources, a lack of commitment from top management, unfavorable mindset and a lack of product in the market”

• cites Testa et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Grandia et al., 2015 sourceCould not verify

  The passages available from our copy contain bibliographic metadata, including the title and DOI (unpaginated), but no discussion of implementation barriers. Searches for knowledge and resources, top-management commitment, mindset, and product availability returned no relevant passage, so the claim cannot be checked against this copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019 sourceCould not verify

  The passages labeled Abstract contain bibliographic metadata and keywords, but no discussion of implementation barriers. Searches for knowledge and resources, top-management commitment, mindset, and product availability returned no passage addressing those claims. The available copy therefore cannot verify the attributed list. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

New business models are one way to contribute to the systemic change needed for a circular economy transition.

“New business models are one way to contribute to the systemic change needed for a circular economy transition (Bocken et al., 2016;Witjes and Lozano, 2016).”

• cites Bocken et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Witjes and Lozano, 2016 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most common reason office furniture is not suitable for provider-ownership contracts is that ever-changing design preferences reduce possibilities for reuse.

“The most common reason for this is that ever-changing design preferences reduce possibilities for reuse (Besch, 2005;Krystofik et al., 2018;Öhgren et al., 2019;Pieroni et al., 2021).”

• cites Besch, 2005 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5.3.1 (page not provided) says changing design and fashion can make furniture unsuitable for renting again after several years, supporting the claim that design preferences limit reuse. But it calls this one barrier among several; neither that section nor the Conclusion (page not provided) identifies it as the most common reason. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Krystofik et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Öhgren et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.2 (page not available) says that difficulty supplying enough reconditioned furniture with similar aesthetics can hinder procurement. It does not say that ever-changing design preferences are the most common reason for reduced reuse or that they make furniture unsuitable for provider-ownership contracts. Section 5 instead discusses leasing as a potential way to keep furniture in use. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of PSS in CPP has started to gain momentum in various sectors such as food systems, infrastructure and IT products.

“The use of PSS in CPP has started to gain momentum in various sectors such as food systems (Molin et al., 2021), infrastructure (Lingegård et al., 2021a) and IT products (Crafoord et al., 2018).”

• cites Molin et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes public procurement as an approach to making food production and consumption more sustainable, supporting the food-systems context of this citation. It does not establish that product–service systems (PSS) are being used in circular public procurement (CPP), or that such use is gaining momentum. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Lingegård et al., 2021aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crafoord et al., 2018 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.1 (The companies; page unavailable) reports that more municipalities are procuring remanufactured computers, supporting growing public procurement activity for IT products. It describes purchases, however, and does not establish growing use of product-service systems (PSS) in that procurement. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If not managed, the shift in mindset needed can cause a major barrier to circular offerings.

“If not managed, the shift in mindset needed can cause a major barrier to circular offerings (Sundin et al., 2009).”

• cites Sundin et al., 2009 sourceCould not verify

  The available Findings passage describes life-cycle design requirements for product/service systems, but does not address a mindset shift becoming a barrier to circular offerings. Searches for “mindset,” “barrier,” and a shift from selling products to services returned no passage on that point. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The development of knowledge and organizational capacity is not hindered by potential silo structures.

“In this way, the development of knowledge and organizational capacity is not hindered by potential silo structures (Björklund and Gustafsson, 2015).”

• cites Björklund and Gustafsson, 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The indexed abstract says knowledge can be integrated into municipal organisations and that increased knowledge transfer can help overcome weaknesses. It does not establish that potential silo structures do not hinder the development of knowledge or organisational capacity. No page number is provided for the passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A lack of interaction between procurer and supplier remains the main barrier to the implementation of innovative solutions through public procurement.

“However, a lack of interaction between procurer and supplier remains the main barrier to the implementation of innovative solutions though public procurement (Uyarra et al., 2014).”

• cites Uyarra et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (§4; page unavailable) identifies lack of interaction with procuring organisations as a main barrier to innovation through public procurement. It lists several other main barriers, however, and does not establish lack of interaction as the single main barrier. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Public procurers cannot assume they will work in the same way with CPP as with other types of procurement, and adaption will likely be needed.

“Grandia and Voncken (2019) confirm this need for change, saying that public procurers cannot assume they will work in the same way with CPP as with other types of procurement, and that adaption will likely be needed.”

• cites Grandia and Voncken, 2019 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

To effectively contribute to sustainability, new procedures need to be integrated into organizational strategies.

“To effectively contribute to sustainability, new procedures need to be integrated into organizational strategies, which then create cultural, managerial and operational change (Trindade et al., 2017).”

• cites Trindade et al., 2017 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Previous CPP studies on furniture include conceptual studies of CPP's potential, analyses of the tendering process, and overviews of CPP implemented on a smaller scale.

“Previous CPP studies on furniture include conceptual studies of CPP's potential (Öhgren et al., 2019), analyses of the tendering process (Ntsondé and Aggeri, 2021), and overviews of CPP implemented on a smaller scale (Alhola et al., 2019;Kristensen et al., 2021).”

• cites Öhgren et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2 (Objective, methods and outline) says the study analyzes the potential for public procurement to drive the reconditioned-furniture market, supporting the cited topic. But it identifies interviews as its main data-collection method, so describing the paper as a conceptual study is not fully accurate. The other categories in the citing sentence are attributed to different sources. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Ntsondé and Aggeri, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Alhola et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There is no typical user mindset for circular offerings; instead, it's based on how they perceive the challenges associated with their engagement and behavior related to the offering.

“There is no typicalal user mindset for circular offerings; instead, it's based on how they perceive the challenges associated with their engagement and behavior related to the offering (Gomes et al., 2022).”

• cites Gomes et al., 2022 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The public sector tends to rely on existing products instead of promoting innovation.

“These are great challenges, considering the tendency of the public sector to rely on existing products instead of promoting innovation (Uyarra and Flanagan, 2010).”

• cites Uyarra and Flanagan, 2010 sourceCould not verify

  The Abstract discusses how public procurement can affect innovation and recommends innovation-friendly practices, but it does not say that the public sector tends to rely on existing products. Searches for that phrasing and for buying off-the-shelf products returned no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other vital factors for implementing CPP include commitment to change, understanding the long-term benefits of change, and knowing the organizational strategy and goals at all levels.

“The literature points to other vital factors for implementing CPP, such as the commitment to change, understanding the long-term benefits of change, and knowing the organizational strategy and goals at all levels (Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019).”

• cites Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019 sourceCould not verify

  The available passages labelled Abstract contain bibliographic information and keywords, not a discussion of implementation factors. Searches for commitment to change, long-term benefits, and organizational strategy and goals found no passage addressing those points, so this copy cannot verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individual learning and training, workshops, and dissemination of best practices are crucial to achieve commitment to change and understanding of long-term benefits.

“To achieve this, individual learning and training, workshops, and dissemination of best practices are crucial (Testa et al., 2016;Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019).”

• cites Testa et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sönnichsen and Clement, 2019 sourceCould not verify

  The available passages from our copy are bibliographic metadata (Abstract, page not given), not discussion of procurement practices. Searches for training, workshops, best practices, commitment to change, and long-term benefits returned no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Overly specific tenders and a lack of competence and risk management in procuring organizations are barriers.

“Overly specific tenders and a lack of competence and risk management in procuring organizations are other barriers mentioned in the literature (Uyarra et al., 2014).”

• cites Uyarra et al., 2014 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Keeping buying new furniture with environmental criteria and limiting choices to a few models and designs would benefit future remanufacturing, since the critical design phase sets the possibilities for remanufacturing and disassembly.

“This would benefit future remanufacturing, since the critical design phase sets the possibilities for remanufacturing and disassembly (Sundin et al., 2009;Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016;Öhgren et al., 2019;Bumgardner and Nicholls, 2020).”

• cites Sundin et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Findings passage (page not given) says that life-cycle design and access to parts and components can reduce the need and cost of remanufacturing. It supports the general point that design affects future remanufacturing, but does not address disassembly or establish that limiting furniture purchases to a few models would provide that benefit. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.3.4 says designing furniture to be easy to disassemble could reduce environmental impacts, and §4.3.5 recommends reusable components that are easy to separate. This supports a role for design in disassembly and recovery, but the paper does not specifically discuss remanufacturing or say that design sets its possibilities. Section 4.1 more cautiously says design may have some influence on end of life. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Öhgren et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Section 5 says that modular design can make furniture easier to upgrade and repair, and that design changes can support reconditioning. It does not specifically address disassembly or state that the design phase determines the possibilities for remanufacturing. The cited sentence does not itself attribute the proposal to limit purchases to a few models to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The cost and capacity for furniture inventory, identified as a vital part of remanufacturing businesses, all fell on the procuring organization, as did the huge challenge of keeping track of furniture inventory.

“For instance, the cost and capacity for furniture inventory, identified as a vital part of remanufacturing businesses (Tolio et al., 2017), all fell on the procuring organization, as did the huge challenge of keeping track of furniture inventory.”

• cites Tolio et al., 2017 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Inventory cost and capacity are essential parts of any remanufacturing business model.

“This is important, as inventory cost and capacity are essential parts of any remanufacturing business model (Tolio et al., 2017).”

• cites Tolio et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.6 identifies capacity planning and inventory management as problems in de- and remanufacturing, and describes a recycling model that includes inventory capacity and costs. Section 5.1 discusses remanufacturing business models, but the paper does not establish that inventory cost and capacity are essential to every such model. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Crucial elements in the follow-up include adaptation to circularity in the economy system and accounting for the prolonged life and reuse of furniture.

“Crucial elements in the follow-up include adaptation to circularity in the economy system and accounting for the prolonged life and reuse of furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Follow-up and inventory systems are crucial tools for integrating previously installed products with CPP, keeping track of circular flows, and providing feedback to improve subsequent procurements.

“Follow-up and inventory systems are crucial tools for integrating previously installed products with CPP, keeping track of circular flows, and providing feedback to improve subsequent procurements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As part of its environmental management system, KTH had an overall sustainability goal (2021-2025) and climate goals for 2045 to manage its resources in line with sustainable development.

“As a part of its environmental management system, KTH had an overall sustainability goal (2021-2025) and climate goals for 2045 to manage its resources in line with sustainable development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The real estate manager called for stricter governance on what types of furniture were included.

“She also called for stricter governance on what types of furniture were included.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There was annual monitoring of the cost of furniture purchased each year, but not the volume purchased.

“There was an annual monitoring of the cost of furniture purchased each year, but not the volume purchased.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior to the CPP contract, every school and the CA purchased furniture for offices and lab environments using their annual budget.

“Prior to the CPP contract Every school and the CA purchased furniture for offices and lab environments using their annual budget.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The real estate group and sustainability office at KTH started the project 'Circular furniture flows' in 2021.

“The real estate group and sustainability office at KTH started the project”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: At the time of the project start, no framework agreements for the public sector or circular criteria were available from the National Agency for Public Procurement.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included renovation of existing furniture with at least a 1-year guarantee.

“Renovation of existing furniture with at least a 1-year guarantee.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The purchase of non-standard furniture had to be approved by the financial manager.

“The purchase of non-standard furniture had to be approved by the financial manager.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

A procurement officer from a school pointed out that lack of early involvement could harm implementation because the services procured may not correspond to the real needs of the schools.

“One procurement officer from a school pointed out that this could harm the implementation since the services procured may not correspond to the real needs of the schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

One janitor said increased standardization might provoke some users who were used to making their own design decisions.

“However, one of the janitors said increased standardization might provoke some users who were used to making their own design decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The volume of reused and discarded furniture was unknown.

“Similarly, the volume of reused and discarded furniture was unknown.”

May combine two claims.

There was no complete inventory or inspection of all furniture at KTH, including furniture in use or in storage, although the real estate group carried out an annual inventory in educational environments and CA offices.

“There was no complete inventory or inspection of all furniture at KTH, including both furniture in use or in storage, although the real estate group carried out an annual inventory in educational environments and CA offices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included removal of furniture for disposal.

“Removal of furniture for disposal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

KTH has tried to have design concepts for each building.

“KTH has tried to have design concepts for each building”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included sale of furniture at market value on the supplier's website.

“Sale of furniture at market value on the supplier's website.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In four out of the five schools, the institutions owned the furniture, while in the fifth school, the furniture was owned by the school.

“In four out of the five schools, the institutions owned the furniture, while in the fifth school, the furniture was owned by the school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The contract was procured in 2021 and the supplier was asked to provide quality products from a circular and sustainability perspective, including services to prolong the lifetime of the products.

“The contract was procured in 2021 and the supplier was asked to provide quality products from a circular and sustainability perspective, including services to prolong the lifetime of the products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two tenders were received from two suppliers.

“Two tenders were received from two suppliers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The real estate manager suggested having centralized ownership of furniture to minimize the purchase of cheap furniture or furniture outside the standard.

“The real estate manager suggested having centralized ownership of furniture to minimize the purchase of cheap furniture or furniture outside the standard.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some maintenance took place and parts of furniture were kept in storage.

“As far as the renovation of furniture was concerned, some maintenance took place and parts of furniture (e.g., spare tops and underframes of chairs) were kept in storage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All products in the CPP contract had to comply with Swedish standards (Möbelfakta) regarding ergonomics, safety and durability for furnishings in public environments.

“Additionally, all products had to comply with Swedish standards (Möbelfakta) regarding ergonomics, safety and durability for furnishings in public environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included loan/rental of furniture in agreed time periods.

“Loan/rental of furniture in agreed time periods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CPP contract required that at least 10% of the products can be re-used and at least 20% can be renovated/recycled, such as removable textiles or simple disassembly.

“At least 10% of the products can be re-used and at least 20% can be renovated/recycled, such as removable textiles or simple disassembly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

This view was shared by the respondents that emphasized the need for the contract to be continuously promoted in the organization.

“This view was shared by the resondents that emphasized the need for the contract to be continuously promoted in the organization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CPP contract included assembly, inventory, delivery control, unpacking and removal of packaging.

“Assembly, inventory, delivery control, unpacking and removal of packaging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The supplied furniture conformed to environmental standards and was slightly more expensive than other options.

“The supplied furniture conformed to environmental standards and was slightly more expensive than other options.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included an option for barcode marking of furniture.

“Option for barcode marking of furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The head of the real estate group said that for future circular procurements, schools needed to be involved at an early stage to communicate their needs.

“The head of the real estate group said that, for future circular procurements, the schools needed to be involved at an early stage in order to communicate their needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

None of the respondents had any direct criticism of the contract.

“None of the respondents had any direct criticism of the contract.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the procurement stage, relevant sustainability requirements were set, but respondents said the requirements were mostly suggested by the real estate group.

“In the procurement stage, the relevant sustainability requirements were set, but the respondents said the requirements were mostly suggested by the real estate group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a workshop, not moving furniture between buildings was discussed as a potential barrier to reuse and as problematic because of the need for separate storage rooms for each building.

“This was discussed in a workshop as a potential barrier to the reuse of furniture and problematic in terms of the need to have separate storage rooms for each building.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In other schools, furniture was purchased by an appointed person (e.g., the head of the school or department).

“In others, furniture was purchased by an appointed person (e.g., the head of the school or department).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 4-year framework agreement was estimated to be worth 8 million euros, including new purchases and remanufacturing services.

“The 4-year framework agreement was estimated to be worth 8 m euros, including new purchases and remanufacturing services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Generally, the supplier acted as a middleman, providing new furniture from manufacturers.

“Generally, the supplier acted as a middleman, providing new furniture from manufacturers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included product-related services such as wallpapering and repair of furniture.

“Product-related services such as wallpapering and repair of furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The supplier had 10 years of experience with its business model, including reuse and remanufacturing.

“The supplier had 10 years of experience with its business model, including reuse and remanufacturing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The purchasing function differed between schools, and each school had appointed their own personnel to purchase furniture for the institutions.

“The purchasing function differed between schools, and each school had appointed their own personnel to purchase furniture for the institutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CPP contract included repossession of discarded furniture.

“Repossession of discarded furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One of the schools had decided on a standard design for office furniture available for every employee, and all purchases were centrally managed by the school.

“One of the schools had decided on a standard design for office furniture available for every employee, and all purchases were centrally managed by the school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some furniture was given to the recycling center for disassembly.

“Additionally, some furniture was given to the recycling center for disassembly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main purpose of the contract for the procuring organization was to reduce new purchases.

“The main purpose of the contract for the procuring organization was to reduce new purchases, and the supplier also provided remanufacturing services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The architect at the real estate group stated it was important not to move furniture between buildings.

“the architect at the real estate group stated it was important not to move furniture between buildings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most respondents pointed out that responsible and knowledgeable people in the schools were not involved early on in the procurement process.

“Still, most respondents pointed out that the responsible and knowledgeable people in the schools were not involved early on in the procurement process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The infrastructure officer and the architect from the real estate group suggested having a centralized organization for sharing information and following up on the contract and the furniture flows, stating that 'we should be one KTH.'

“The infrastructure officer and the architect from the real estate group suggested having a centralized organization for sharing information and following up on the contract and the furniture flows, stating that”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Either way, the purchases needed approval from someone in the Department.

“Either way, the purchases needed approval from someone in the Department.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The contract provided an option for the disposal of furniture, though KTH had a separate contract for waste management on the campus.

“The contract provided an option for the disposal of furniture, though KTH had a separate contract for waste management on the campus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some schools had service centers that purchased furniture after input from a customer (teachers and researchers) at the institutional level.

“Some schools had service centers that purchased furniture after input from a customer (teachers and researchers) at the institutional level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The real estate group, which was centrally responsible for KTH's properties, owned all the furniture for the teaching and study spaces.

“The real estate group, which was centrally responsible for KTH's properties, owned all the furniture for the teaching and study spaces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The identified challenge of managing the reuse of furniture, and the amortization of the value of the furniture between departments in the economy system, prompted the CA's economy controller to call a joint meeting after the second workshop.

“The identified challenge of managing the reuse of furniture, and the amortization of the value of the furniture between departments in the economy system, prompted the CA's economy controller to call a joint meeting after the second workshop.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The schools used this supplier to handle their furniture disposal.

“The schools used this supplier to handle their furniture disposal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These included the disassembly of furniture into fractions, which was not always done at the time.

“These included the disassembly of furniture into fractions which was not always done at the time.”

May combine two claims.

Most respondents were uncertain whether furniture could be given to staff and students and how to circulate it internally among the schools and the CA.

“Most of the respondents were uncertain whether furniture could be given to staff and students and how to circulate it internally among the schools and the CA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The CA for waste thought that giving janitors and other school staff responsibility to move furniture would reduce the possibility of disposing of the furniture immediately.

“but the CA for waste thought this would reduce the possibility of disposing of the furniture immediately.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It was common to discard old used furniture and purchase new items during renovation, relocation, or staff changes, and this was sometimes cheaper than refurbishing.

“It was common to discard old used furniture and purchase new items during renovation, relocation, or staff changes, and this was sometimes cheaper than refurbishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Respondents from the CA and the schools all agreed that monitoring of furniture needed to be improved in the organization, both centrally at the CA level and within schools.

“The respondents from the CA and the schools all agreed that the monitoring of furniture needed to be improved in the organization-both centrally at the CA level and within schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In one workshop, an economy controller explained that giving furniture to internal and other public organizations was permissible.

“In one of the workshops, an economy controller explained that giving furniture to internal and other public organizations was permissible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The head of department at one of the schools said there was a strong willingness within the organization to work with circular furniture flows, so the necessary changes needed to implement them were manageable.

“The head of department at one of the schools said there was a strong willingness within the organization to work with circular furniture flows, so the necessary changes needed to implement them were manageable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Using labels on furniture was seen as an expensive solution.

“This initiated a discussion on using labels on furniture, but this was seen as an expensive solution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Janitors in some schools communicated with each other about used furniture that could be used as an alternative to new purchases.

“Janitors in some schools communicated with each other about used furniture that could be used as an alternative to new purchases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many cubic meters of old furniture from previous inventory rounds are stored in the attic and forgotten.

“Many cubic meters of old furniture from previous inventory rounds are stored in the attic and forgotten.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Giving janitors and other school staff the responsibility to physically move furniture for reuse or for disposal was proposed during the workshops.

“Giving janitors and other school staff the responsibility to physically move furniture for reuse or for disposal, was proposed during the workshops”

May combine two claims.

Although there were no formal procedures for the CA and schools to sort furniture for disposal, everyone had similar informal practices because the same supplier was procured for all disposal services.

“Although there were no formal procedures in place for the CA and schools to sort furniture for disposal, everyone had similar informal practices as the same supplier was procured for all disposal services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The interviewed janitor at the school and the CA for waste both emphasized that it was important to reuse furniture and avoid wear and tear.

“The interviewed janitor at the school and the CA for waste both emphasized that it was important to reuse furniture and avoid wear and tear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the case of large volumes, the schools would bring in containers and collect furniture for disposal.

“In the case of large volumes, the schools would bring in containers and collect furniture for disposal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

A janitor stated that larger batches also created challenges for smaller projects and everyday changes of furniture because storing used furniture would be expensive for the school considering rent for a storage facility.

“However, a janitor stated that this also created challenges for smaller projects and everyday changes of furniture:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The need for the operational part of the organization to adapt and create lead times in the process was seen as an important step going forward.

“The need for the operational part of the organization to adapt and create lead times in the process was seen as an important step going forward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If there were tabletops in good condition, the challenge was to find working underframes.

“If there were tabletops in good condition, the challenge was to find working underframes, for instance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The head of the real estate group said they had statistics from the supplier regarding what was purchased and the quantities, but that this was not communicated and analyzed for understanding the furniture flows.

“The head of the real estate group said they had statistics from the supplier regarding what was purchased and the quantities, but that this was not communicated and analyzed for understanding the furniture flows.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The janitors argued for a tool, such as an app, that could easily be used for inventory.

“The janitors argued for a tool, such as an app, that could easily be used for inventory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

They all agreed it was important to develop these procedures so that circular flows could be implemented to meet legal requirements for waste.

“They all agreed it was important to develop these procedures so that circular flows could be implemented to meet legal requirements for waste.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The need for training and common procedures was highlighted by the controller at the economic department.

“The need for training and common procedures was highlighted by the controller at the economic department.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For larger projects, it was easier to make decisions from a waste management perspective in line with the CPP contract, while in everyday work, decisions were made at short notice.

“For larger projects, it was easier to make decisions from a waste management perspective in line with the CPP contract, while, in everyday work, decisions were made at short notice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The infrastructure officer and the purchasing officer at one of the schools considered the waste indicator important to improve the contract and the work on reuse, despite the barriers.

“The infrastructure officer and the purchasing officer at one of the schools considered this important to improve the contract and the work on reuse, despite the barriers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Schools tried to refurbish and have storage rooms for used furniture.

“Schools tried to refurbish and have storage rooms for used furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The meeting created more questions than answers, but it was seen as a step in the right direction.

“Ultimately, the meeting created more questions than answers, but it was seen as a step in the right direction.”

May combine two claims.

Incentives for central storage of furniture did not exist and each department stored its own.

“Incentives for central storage of furniture did not exist and each department stored its own.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Respondents were uncertain whether a public organization was allowed to give away furniture in this way.

“However, the respondents were uncertain whether a public organization was allowed to give away furniture in this way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In general, the disposal of furniture and how this was done depended on the individual employee and their networks.

“In general, the disposal of furniture and how this was done depended on the individual employee and their networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If the furniture was broken, the schools usually engaged the organization's craftsmen to dispose of it.

“However, if the furniture was broken, the schools usually engaged the organization's craftsmen to dispose of it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Besides an inventory of the furniture in use and in storage, the waste indicator was another major measure highlighted during the workshops.

“Besides an inventory of the furniture in use and in storage, the waste indicator was another major measure highlighted during the workshops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A more efficient process, working with the supplier to follow up the flows internally, was suggested.

“A more efficient process, working with the supplier to follow up the flows internally was suggested.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Suggestions for an additional external supplier to collect, sort, and disassemble furniture were offered.

“Instead, suggestions for an additional external supplier to collect, sort, and disassemble furniture were offered.”

May combine two claims.

Purchased furniture was registered but most of the time not specified.

“Furthermore, purchased furniture was registered but, most of the time, not specified”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All respondents agreed it was important to change from linear to circular furniture flows to achieve the sustainability goals.

“All the respondents agreed it was important to change from linear to circular furniture flows to achieve the sustainability goals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Respondents all had different procedures for renovating furniture.

“and they all had different procedures for renovating furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The head of the department at one school pointed to the need for school-level information on how to use the services in the contract.

“The head of the department at one school pointed to the need for school-level information on how to use the services in the contract.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CA for waste and the janitors agreed it was easy to get the waste supplier to pick up furniture for disposal, and they worked together to take care of it.

“The CA for waste and the janitors agreed it was easy to get the waste supplier to pick up furniture for disposal, and they worked together to take care of it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

They highlighted the need for a common warehouse at the university for storing furniture instead of the 39 rooms currently in use for waste management.

“Additionally, they highlighted the need for a common warehouse at the university for storing furniture instead of the 39 rooms currently in use for waste management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The CA for waste had responsibility for the contract with the supplier of disposal services.

“The CA for waste had responsibility for the contract with the supplier of disposal services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The central contract officer thought it important to communicate to all persons involved that they had a responsibility to adapt to circular furniture flows.

“The central contract officer thought it important to communicate to all persons involved that they had a responsibility to adapt to circular furniture flows.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The economy controller and contract officer at the CA's economic department reflected on weaknesses in the planning of furniture purchases, which made it easier to buy new instead of refurbishing.

“The economy controller and contract officer at the CA's economic department reflected on the weaknesses in the planning of furniture purchases, which made it easier to buy new instead of refurbishing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The weakness was the short lead time between the decisions and when the furniture was needed, which left no time to renovate, find used furniture from other schools, or buy reused furniture from the supplier.

“The weakness was the short lead time between the decisions and when the furniture was needed, which left no time to renovate, find used furniture from other schools, or buy reused furniture from the supplier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The head of the real estate group explained that cost could not be the main incentive for sustainability, since it was easier and cheaper to buy new than to reuse and renovate.

“The head of the real estate group explained that cost could not be the main incentive for sustainability, since it was easier and cheaper to buy new than to reuse and renovate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Furniture could be disposed of due to ergonomic aspects, for example when changing to adjustable tables for all employees.

“Furniture could be disposed of due to ergonomic aspects, e.g., when changing to adjustable tables for all employees.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The head of the real estate group added that in order for this to be sustainable in the long term, the whole society needs to switch to circular flows.

“The head of the real estate group added: “In order for this to be sustainable in the long term, the whole society needs to switch to circular flows.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A similar process was used by the CA.

“A similar process was used by the CA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During a workshop, the CA for waste and the janitors deemed it difficult to gain an overview of the furniture in use prior to the contract due to the lack of current inventory.

“However, during a workshop, the CA for waste and the janitors deemed this difficult due to the lack of current inventory, which made it impossible to gain an overview of the furniture in use prior to the contract.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The head of the real estate group pointed to the need for communicating procedures to the responsible people at the school-level.

“The head of the real estate group pointed to the need for communicating procedures to the responsible people at the school-level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One janitor described the difficulty of finding information on other schools' furniture in storage that could be reused at his school and be a cheaper alternative to purchasing new.

“One janitor described the difficulty of finding information on other schools' furniture in storage that could be reused at his school and be a cheaper alternative to purchasing new.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One architect stated that larger batches of similar furniture sent for remanufacturing lowered the cost per item, and that this was an approach used by the CA.

“One architect stated that larger batches of similar furniture sent for remanufacturing lowered the cost per item, and that this was an approach used by the CA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The CA's janitor pointed out the need for clearer mandates and responsible managers to prioritize reuse over new purchases.

“The CA's janitor pointed out the need for clearer mandates and responsible managers to prioritize reuse over new purchases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The head of the real estate group added that geopolitical changes in the world were affecting delivery times of new products and were creating bigger incentives to take care of current stock.

“She also added that the geopolitical changes in the world were affecting delivery times of new products, and were creating bigger incentives to take care of current stock.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The driver had to be sustainability itself, even though economic incentives generally steered decisions according to the head of the group.

“The driver had to be sustainability itself, even though economic incentives generally steered decisions according to the head of the group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The head of the real estate group explained the need for a properly staffed recycling station on-site.

“The head of the real estate group explained the need for a properly staffed recycling station on-site:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The economy controller expressed a similar view that KTH needed to prioritize the sustainability goals and be aware that this initially could cost more.

“The economy controller expressed a similar view that KTH needed to prioritize the sustainability goals and be aware that this initially could cost more.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

One barrier identified by janitors and purchasing officers was the cost of refurbishing; a janitor stated it is more expensive to refurbish than to buy new furniture.

“One barrier identified by janitors and purchasing officers was the cost of refurbishing:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If no one wanted the furniture, it was discarded.

“However, if no one wanted the furniture, it was discarded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The CA for waste stated that in the following year, additional legal requirements for textiles would be introduced in waste management.

“Furthermore, the CA for waste stated that, in the following year, additional legal requirements for textiles would be introduced in waste management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Furniture that was deemed unsuitable but still functional was sometimes given to, or traded with, other schools.

“Furniture that was deemed unsuitable but was still functional was sometimes given to, or traded with, other schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was no forum for janitors and the CA for waste to share information and follow up on waste management.

“There was no forum for janitors and the CA for waste to share information and follow up on waste management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The organization had a contractor for all waste management activities.

“although the organization had a contractor for all waste management activities”

May combine two claims.

The organization struggled to maintain uniformity of furniture in use and keep a coherent design with contrasting new and old furniture.

“The organization thus struggled to maintain a uniformity of furniture in use and keep a coherent design with the contrasting new and old furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The organization needed to decide whether to include all the existing furniture or just a selection since this was a task the janitors deemed insurmountable.

“The organization needed to decide whether to include all the existing furniture or just a selection since this was a task the janitors deemed insurmountable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The critical size for batches of furniture sent to refurbishing remained to be decided by KTH.

“and this critical size remained to be decided by KTH.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The determining factors to support choices between reuse, remanufacturing and new purchases remained to be decided by KTH.

“The determining factors to support choices between reuse, remanufacturing and new purchases also remained to be decided by KTH”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The procuring organization was large and had both the resources and knowledge to perform a CPP process.

“The procuring organization was large and had both the resources and knowledge to perform a CPP process.”

May combine two claims.

The procuring organization intended to keep buying new furniture, using environmental criteria, and limiting the choices to a few models and designs.

“The procuring organization intended to keep buying new furniture, using environmental criteria, and limiting the choices to a few models and designs.”

May combine two claims.

Different schools and buildings had different design concepts, which over time were compromised when ad hoc furniture purchases were made.

“The different schools and buildings had different design concepts, which, over time, were compromised when ad hoc furniture purchases were made.”

May combine two claims.

KTH's economy system was based on a linear flow of products and thus struggled to adapt to a circular approach.

“However, KTH's economy system was based on a linear flow of products and thus struggled to adapt to a circular approach.”

May combine two claims.

Due to its large size, the organization consisted of five different schools and several departments within each school, which created a decentralized governance structure.

“Due to its large size, the organization consisted of five different schools and several departments within each school, which created a decentralized governance structure.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The staff thought it impossible to identify all the furniture already in use and they therefore wanted to focus only on new furniture.

“In fact, the staff thought it impossible to identify all the furniture already in use and they therefore wanted to focus only on new furniture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In this case, the furniture was procured, used, maintained and disposed of as deemed practical for each school, resulting in a diverse stock of furniture in use and in storage.

“In this case, the furniture was procured, used, maintained and disposed of as deemed practical for each school, resulting in a diverse stock of furniture in use and in storage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This was a first attempt at this type of contract and the organization will continue to learn as it goes.

“Either way, this was a first attempt at this type of contract and the organization will continue to learn as it goes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CA, which was in charge of furniture for educational spaces, also had a parallel process for handling furniture that made it more complicated.

“The CA, which was in charge of furniture for educational spaces, also had a parallel process for handling furniture that made it more complicated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

From the supplier perspective, the business models had been developed to meet the increased market demand for circularity and remanufacturing.

“From the supplier perspective, the business models had been developed to meet the increased market demand for circularity and remanufacturing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The supplier stated that its main concern was for KTH to implement the new contract throughout the whole organization.

“In the case study, the supplier stated that its main concern was for KTH to implement the new contract throughout the whole organization.”

May combine two claims.

The head of the real estate group and the architects were more knowledgeable and were first to push the process of CPP.

“The head of the real estate group and the architects were more knowledgeable and were first to push the process of CPP.”

May combine two claims.

The respondents provided different perspectives on the implementation but also different knowledge levels on circular flows in general.

“In the interviews, the respondents provided different perspectives on the implementation but also different knowledge levels on circular flows in general.”

May combine two claims.

The small group of knowledgeable people was not enough and implementation was needed at all levels of the organization.

“However, it became clear, due to, e.g., the need for common routines and guidelines, that this small group of people was not enough and that implementation was needed at all levels of the organization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the EU's Circular Economy Action Plan, public procurement is identified as one of the best ways to increase sustainability and circularity.

“In the EU's Circular Economy Action Plan (European Commission, 2015), public procurement is identified as one of the best ways to increase sustainability and circularity”

• cites European Commission, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Procurement is strategically important for circular solutions.

“procurement is stated to be strategically important for circular solutions (Alhola et al., 2019;Farooque et al., 2019).”

• cites Alhola et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Farooque et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Public authorities are essential to implementing the circular economy and achieving national sustainability goals, and can lead this transition process.

“public authorities are essential to implementing the circular economy and achieving national sustainability goals, and thus can lead this transition process (European Commission, 2017b;Alhola et al., 2019;Ntsondé and Aggeri, 2021;Government Offices of Sweden, 2022).”

• cites European Commission, 2017bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Alhola et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ntsondé and Aggeri, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the EU's Circular Economy Action Plan, furniture is one of the prioritized product groups.

“and furniture is one of the prioritized product groups.”

• cites European Commission, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Contextual solutions are needed for circular challenges.

“and that contextual solutions are needed for circular challenges.”

• Also stated in: § . Conclusions and contributions · plain

  “and that contextual solutions are needed for circular challenges.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Organizational culture, business strategy and management models have inherent barriers to adopting new ways of working.

“organizational culture, business strategy and management models have inherent barriers to adopt new ways of working”

• cites Korhonen et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The circular economy concept has mostly been driven by practitioners and policy makers.

“It has previously been stated that the circular economy concept has mostly been driven by practitioners and policy makers (Korhonen et al., 2018).”

• cites Korhonen et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These 10 million tons of waste are mainly due to a lack of spare parts and consumer information, as well as poor product quality and design.

“These 10 million tons of waste are mainly due to a lack of spare parts and consumer information, as well as poor product quality and design (European Environmental Bureau, 2017).”

• cites European Environmental Bureau, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The public context provides additional aspects to the drivers and barriers of PSS business models in a private setting.

“While the PSS business models provide drivers and barriers in a private setting such as a need of a changed customer mindset, new payment models and remanufacturing infrastructure, the pubic context provides additional aspects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Studies of CPP often focus on the drivers of, and barriers to, the implementation of this policy tool.

“Studies of CPP often focus on the drivers of, and barriers to, the implementation of this policy tool (Alhola et al., 2019;Kristensen et al., 2021;Lingegård et al., 2021a).”

• cites Alhola et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kristensen et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lingegård et al., 2021aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Remanufacturing prolongs product life and decreases the need for material, meeting customer needs by preserving the original value and improving resource efficiency.

“Remanufacturing prolongs product life and decreases the need for material, meeting customer needs by preserving the original value and improving resource efficiency (Pigosso et al., 2010).”

• cites Pigosso et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The existing literature on sustainable public procurement (SPP) and circular public procurement (CPP) focuses mainly on the procurement stage of the process.

“The existing literature on sustainable public procurement (SPP) and CPP focuses mainly on the procurement stage of the process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The need for access to products for remanufacturing can result in a large inventory occupying space to compensate for fluctuation in the inflow of products.

“The need for access to products for remanufacturing can result in a large inventory occupying space to compensate for fluctuation in the inflow of products (Kurilova-Palisaitiene et al., 2018).”

• cites Kurilova-Palisaitiene et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inventory is key to remanufacturing.

“Furthermore, inventory is also key to remanufacturing.”

• cites Kurilova-Palisaitiene et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Barriers to remanufacturing include a lack of standardization for operations, materials and assembly steps, and incomplete information.

“Barriers to remanufacturing include a lack of standardization for operations, materials and assembly steps, and incomplete information (Kurilova-Palisaitiene et al., 2018).”

• cites Kurilova-Palisaitiene et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PSS can be realized by adding additional services to a product, sharing and leasing, and by providing a function.

“This can be realized by adding additional services to a product, sharing and leasing, and by providing a function, e.g., a result with no predetermined product such as a pay-per-service unit or a function (see Tukker, 2004).”

• cites Tukker, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Top management needs to be committed to sustainability.

“Furthermore, top management needs to be committed to sustainability (Brammer and Walker, 2011;Vejaratnam et al., 2020), and bringing it into the procurement process redefines the options and adds a dimension other than price, quality and time (Meehan and Bryde, 2011).”

• cites Brammer and Walker, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Vejaratnam et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strategies for effectively engaging with suppliers are becoming more important, moving away from compliance-related approaches.

“and strategies for effectively engaging with suppliers are becoming more important, moving away from compliance-related approaches (Meehan and Bryde, 2011).”

• cites Meehan and Bryde, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).