Cellular‐resolution gene expression mapping reveals organization in the head ganglia of the gastropod, Berghia stephanieae
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Abstract
Gastropod molluscs such as Aplysia , Lymnaea , and Tritonia have been important for determining fundamental rules of motor control, learning, and memory because of their large, individually identifiable neurons. Yet only a small number of gastropod neurons have known molecular markers, limiting the ability to establish brain‐wide structure–function relations. Here we combine high‐throughput, single‐cell RNA sequencing with in situ hybridization chain reaction in the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae to identify and visualize the expression of markers for cell types. Broad neuronal classes were characterized by genes associated with neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, glutamate, serotonin, and GABA, as well as neuropeptides. These classes were subdivided by other genes including transcriptional regulators and unannotated genes. Marker genes expressed by neurons and glia formed discrete, previously unrecognized regions within and between ganglia. This study provides the foundation for understanding the fundamental cellular organization of gastropod nervous systems.
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Nemertean, Brachiopod, and Phoronid Neuropeptidomics Reveals Ancestral Spiralian Signaling Systems
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Functional neuroanatomy of the rhinophore of Aplysia punctata
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Extensive conservation of the proneuropeptide and peptide prohormone complement in mollusks
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lin-12 Notch functions in the adult nervous system of C. elegans
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SoxD genes are required for adult neural stem cell activation
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Cholinergic features of photoreceptor synapses in Hermissenda
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�ber Bau und Funktion der Nudibranchier-Rhinophoren
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Self-citationThe importance of identified neurons in gastropod molluscs to neuroscience
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Imunolabeling in the Molluscan CNS and Peripheral Tissues
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Pan-neuronal mRNA expression of the secretory polypeptide 7B2
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THE MULTIPLE SENSORY ACTIVITIES OF THE SO-CALLED RHINOPHORE OF NUDIBRANCHS
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GABA-Induced Synaptic Facilitation at Type B to A Photoreceptor Connections in Hermissenda
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Comparative Mapping of GABA‐Immunoreactive Neurons in the Buccal Ganglia of Nudipleura Molluscs
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Self-citationEvidence That the Swim Afferent Neurons ofTritonia diomedeaAre Glutamatergic
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Accelerated clearing and molecular labeling of biological tissues using magnetohydrodynamic force
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Self-citationLifelong neurogenesis in the cerebral ganglion of the Chinese mud snail,Cipangopaludina chinensis
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Self-citationIdentifiable Neurons in Invertebrates: From Invariant Cells to Dynamic Systems
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Dopaminergic Central Neurons and Peripheral Sensory Systems in Pteropod and Nudibranch Molluscs
Norekian, T. P., & Moroz, L. L. (2025) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.70054 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The legacies of A. O. Dennis Willows and Peter A. Getting: neuroscience research using Tritonia
Frost, W. N., & Katz, P. S. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00318.2024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMelnyk, O., Caby, S., Vigouroux, A., Demanche, C., Desmet, R., Sénéchal, M., Snella, B., Mougel, A., Boidin‐Wichlacz, C., Parmentier, A., et al. (2026) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.70745 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Functional mapping of the molluscan brain guided by synchrotron X-ray tomography
Crossley, M., Simon, A., Marathe, S., Rau, C., Roth, A., Marra, V., & Staras, K. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2422706122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tait, C. C., Ramirez, M. D., & Katz, P. S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572887 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationCircuits and the single neuron
Katz, P. S. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00312.2024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental approaches to hormones and behavior: Invertebrates
Fahrbach, S. E. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00064-7
MolluscaGenes: A Transcriptomic Database for the MolluscaPreprint
Pérez‐Moreno, J. L., & Katz, P. S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.05.723003
Self-citationThe monoaminergic system in a bivalve larva: temporal deployment and spatial organizationPreprint
Risso, B., Blahuta, J., Besnardeau, L., Balbi, T., Dumollard, R., Canesi, L., & Miglioli, A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.17.745212
- Authors
- Ramirez, M. D., Bui, T. N., & Katz, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ramirez, M. Desmond
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 532
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e25628-e25628
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- PMC
- PMC11198006
- OpenAlex
- W4399473889
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (PRFB 1812017, IOS2227963)
- National Institutes of Health (U01‐NS108637, U01‐NS123972, R01‐NS133654‐01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- Berghia stephanieae, gastropod nervous system, neuronal cell types, single-cell RNA sequencing, neuropeptides, acetylcholine, glutamate, serotonin, GABA, glia, molecular markers, neuronal organization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Head, Neurons, Gene Expression, Ganglia, Invertebrate, Gastropoda
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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