Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID‐19
Open accessAbstract
Malaria is a threat to human mankind and kills about half a million people every year. On the other hand, COVID‐19 resulted in several hundred thousand deaths since December 2019 and remains without an efficient and safe treatment. The antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and its analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have been tested for COVID‐19 treatment, and several conflicting evidence has been obtained. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding action mechanisms of these compounds against Plasmodium and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, together with cytometry applications. CQ and HCQ act on the renin angiotensin system, with possible implications on the cardiorespiratory system. In this context, flow and image cytometry emerge as powerful technologies to investigate the mechanism of therapeutic candidates, as well as for the identification of the immune response and prognostics of disease severity. Data from the large randomized trials support the conclusion that CQ and HCQ do not provide any clinical improvements in disease severity and progression of SARS‐CoV‐2 patients, as well as they do not present any solid evidence of increased serious side effects. These drugs are safe and effective antimalarials agents, but in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients, they need further studies in the context of clinical trials. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
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RAAS mediates key events of COVID-19, including viral entry in the cell, inflammation, and lung fibrosis.
“RAAS mediates key events of the disease, including viral entry in the cell [112, 113], inflammation, and lung fibrosis [114].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [113]
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- Authors
- Pillat, M. M., Krüger, A., Guimarães, L. M. F., Lameu, C., de Souza, E. E., Wrenger, C., & Ulrich, H.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (BR)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Corresponding author
- Ulrich, Henning
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cytometry Part A
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-08-21
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 872-881
- ISSN
- 1552-4922 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4930
- PMC
- PMC7404934
- OpenAlex
- W3043206575
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cytometry Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2015/19128‐2, 2015/26722‐8, 2018/07366‐4, 2018/08820‐0)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, malaria, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, Plasmodium, antimalarial drugs, renin-angiotensin system, flow cytometry, image cytometry, immune response, disease severity, drug safety, mechanism of action
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Host Microbial Interactions, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Animals, Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine, Flow Cytometry, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Malaria, Plasmodium, Pneumonia, Viral, Treatment Outcome, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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