The depressor axis of the renin–angiotensin system and brain disorders: a translational approach
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All the components of the classic renin–angiotensin system (RAS) have been identified in the brain. Today, the RAS is considered to be composed mainly of two axes: the pressor axis, represented by angiotensin (Ang) II/angiotensin-converting enzyme/AT1 receptors, and the depressor and protective one, represented by Ang-(1–7)/ angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/Mas receptors. Although the RAS exerts a pivotal role on electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure regulation, their components are also implicated in higher brain functions, including cognition, memory, anxiety and depression, and several neurological disorders. Overactivity of the pressor axis of the RAS has been implicated in stroke and several brain disorders, such as cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer or Parkinson’s disease. The present review is focused on the role of the protective axis of the RAS in brain disorders beyond its effects on blood pressure regulation. Furthermore, the use of drugs targeting centrally RAS and its beneficial effects on brain disorders are also discussed.
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Components of the depressor axis correlate to enhanced cognition and cell survival in the brain, orchestrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses.
“Briefly, components of the depressor axis correlate to enhanced cognition and cell survival in the brain, orchestrating antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory responses.”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
The balance between the pressor and depressor axis of RAAS is implicated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
“In fact, the balance between the pressor and depressor axis of RAAS is implicated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, as carefully reviewed elsewhere [115, 117].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
ACE cleaves angiotensin I into Ang II, and Ang II levels are counterbalanced by the depressor axis that degrades Ang II into Ang 1,7 through ACE2 activity; Ang 1,7 activates MasR.
“ACE is responsible for the cleavage of angiotensin I into Ang II, and Ang II levels are counterbalanced by the depressor axis that degrades Ang II into Ang 1,7 through ACE2 activity. Finally, Ang 1,7 activates MasR [115].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
Consequently, Ang 1,7 that would exert beneficial effects against CNS damage and neurological deficits is not formed, prevailing Ang II actions mediated by the AT1R promoting fibrosis, lung injury, and neuroinflammation.
“Consequently, Ang 1,7 that would exert beneficial effects against CNS damage and neurological deficits [115] is not formed, prevailing Ang II actions mediated by the AT1R promoting fibrosis, lung injury, and importantly neuroinflammation [115].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Gironacci, M. M., Vicario, A., Cerezo, G., & Silva, M. G.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Venue
- Clinical Science
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2018-05-25
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1021-1038
- ISSN
- 0143-5221 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8736
- OpenAlex
- W2804759043
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Conicet (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
- Keywords
- renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Mas receptor, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, blood pressure regulation, neurological disorders, cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Anxiety, Brain Diseases, Cognition, Humans, Peptide Fragments, Renin-Angiotensin System, Stroke, Translational Research, Biomedical
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