Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) as a self-report measure of depression in a variety of settings and populations. METHODS: Relevant studies of the BDI-II were retrieved through a search of electronic databases, a hand search, and contact with authors. Retained studies (k = 118) were allocated into three groups: non-clinical, psychiatric/institutionalized, and medical samples. RESULTS: The internal consistency was described as around 0.9 and the retest reliability ranged from 0.73 to 0.96. The correlation between BDI-II and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I) was high and substantial overlap with measures of depression and anxiety was reported. The criterion-based validity showed good sensitivity and specificity for detecting depression in comparison to the adopted gold standard. However, the cutoff score to screen for depression varied according to the type of sample. Factor analysis showed a robust dimension of general depression composed by two constructs: cognitive-affective and somatic-vegetative. CONCLUSIONS: The BDI-II is a relevant psychometric instrument, showing high reliability, capacity to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects, and improved concurrent, content, and structural validity. Based on available psychometric evidence, the BDI-II can be viewed as a cost-effective questionnaire for measuring the severity of depression, with broad applicability for research and clinical practice worldwide.
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The BDI-II has excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
“The BDI-II has excellent internal consistency and test re-test reliability [43].”
From Fear of depression recurrence among individuals with remitted depression: a qualitative interview study (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
The Reliability section reports strong internal consistency, with average Cronbach’s alpha around 0.9. It describes test–retest coefficients as good to excellent (0.73–0.96), so calling test–retest reliability unqualifiedly excellent overstates the review’s finding. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence suggests that the BDI-II has high reliability and concurrent, content, and structural validity.
“Evidence suggests that the BDI-II has high reliability and concurrent, content, and structural validity (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013).”
From Increasing Occupational Engagement by Addressing Psychosocial and Occupational Factors of Chronic Pain: A Case Report. (2022) · cites this paper as Wang & Gorenstein, 2013
BDI-II has an internal consistency of approximately .90 and test-retest reliability ranging from .73 to .96.
“BDI-II has an internal consistency of approximately .90, and the test-retest reliability ranges from .73 to .96.”
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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“76 20.81 (13.05|28.60) 0.000 Breath reflex threshold (BHT-1) 27.68 ± 16.64 39.55 ± 22.47 20.53 ± 9.68 22.10 ± 10.04 11.49 (5.00|18.00) 0.001 Breath reflex suppression (BHT-2) 14.50 ± 13.64 21.15 ± 20.07 16.57 ± 20.67 13.91 ± 13.95 8.80 (3.27|14.32) 0.002 CI = Confidence Interval, BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI-II =…”
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Group Psychotherapy for Parents of Youth with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
Ellerkamp, H., Thienemann, M., Tinero, J., Shaw, R., Dowtin, L. L., Frankovich, J., & Borkovi, T. C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09926-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Schwartzkopff, L., Gutermann, J., Steil, R., & Müller-Engelmann, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Russotti, J., Herd, T., Handley, E. D., Toth, S. L., & Noll, J. G. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221138654 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The BDI-II has good psychometric properties, including test–-retest reliability scores ranging from 0.73 to 0.96 and strong convergent validity with other depression measures (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013).”
MethodInfluentialGumuchian, S. T., Boyle, A., Hazel, L. H., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05588-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The BDI-II has excellent internal consistency and test re-test reliability [43].”
MethodAn industrialized diet as a determinant of methylation in the 1F region of the NR3C1 gene promoter
Vieira, T. D. S., Freitas, F. V., Silva Neto, L. C. B., Borçoi, A. R., Mendes, S. O., Olinda, A. S., Moreno, I. A. A., Quaioto, B. R., de Souza, M. L. M., Barbosa, W. M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1168715 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Petersen, J. M., Barney, J. L., Barrett, T. S., Lensegrav-Benson, T., Quakenbush-Roberts, B., & Twohig, M. P. (2023) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2022.2141710 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD
Bednarek, L., Glover, S., Ma, X., Pittenger, C., & Pushkarskaya, H. (2024) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101959 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Krzikalla, C., Morina, N., Andor, T., Nohr, L., & Buhlmann, U. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282902 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The BDI has high internal consistency, validity, and test-retest reliability [64, 65]; the internal consistency in the current sample was α = .”
BackgroundCzorniej, K. P., Krajewska-Kułak, E., & Kułak, W. (2023) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.940766 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression [27-29].”
- Authors
- Wang, Y.-P., & Gorenstein, C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
- Publisher
- EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 416-431
- ISSN
- 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097313012
- Cited by
- 1,577
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 135 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 209 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 195 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 17
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (08/11415-9)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Beck Depression Inventory-II, depression assessment, psychometric properties, self-report questionnaire, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, sensitivity and specificity, depression severity, institutionalized populations, medical patients
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results
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