THE IMPORTANCE OF ANXIETY IN BOTH MAJOR DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER: Importance of Anxiety in MDD and GAD
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BACKGROUND: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is frequently co-morbid with major depression (MDD), and this becomes more so when the duration requirement is relaxed. Both anxiety diagnoses and anxious symptoms are more common in both unipolar and bipolar depression. This paper explores the relationship between anxious symptoms and GAD with both unipolar and bipolar depression. METHOD: MDD and bipolar disorder (BPD) are compared in three important respects: the extent of their co-morbidity with anxious symptoms and GAD, the effects that anxiety has on outcome of MDD and BPD, and the effects that anxiety has on the probability of suicide in each disorder. RESULTS: Anxious diagnoses occur frequently in association with depressive disorders, albeit to a different extent in the various subtypes of depression. In both disorders, anxiety affects the outcome and makes suicidal thoughts, and completed suicide more likely. CONCLUSIONS: Anxious phenomena should be assessed whenever a depressive disorder is diagnosed. It is likely that the raised expectancy of anxious phenomena is related to an individual's premorbid level of negative affect, and it is possible that suicidal phenomena are related to subthreshold hypomanic symptoms.
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Anxious depression, defined as major depressive disorder with a comorbid anxiety disorder or with significant anxiety symptoms, is common.
“The cooccurrence of anxiety in depression is common [1]”
From Patients with anxious depression: overview of prevalence, pathophysiology and impact on course and treatment outcome (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Depressed patients with anxiety symptoms measured with the HAM-D ASF or HAM-A generally have greater depression chronicity and severity, higher suicide ideation and risks, and lower quality of life than MDD patients without anxiety.
“Either measured with the HAM-D ASF score or HAM-A, depressed patients with anxiety symptoms generally have greater depression chronicity and severity [1,5,6], higher suicide ideation and risks [1,8,9], and lower QOL than MDD patients without anxiety.”
From Patients with anxious depression: overview of prevalence, pathophysiology and impact on course and treatment outcome (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Goldberg, D., & Fawcett, J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- ORCID
- Goldberg, David
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05-02
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 471-478
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1756201586
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, comorbidities, anxiety symptoms, suicide risk, treatment outcomes, hypomanic symptoms, negative affect
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Suicidal Ideation
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