Improvement in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion: Relationship to reductions in depression and anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Objective Suicide is a psychiatric emergency. Currently, there are no approved pharmacologic treatments for suicidal ideation. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that rapidly reduces suicidal ideation as well as depression and anxiety, but the dynamic between these symptoms is not known. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether ketamine has an impact on suicidal thoughts, independent of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Methods 133 patients with treatment-resistant depression (major depressive disorder or bipolar I/II disorder) received a single subanesthetic infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min). Post-hoc correlations and linear mixed models evaluated the relationship between suicidal ideation and depression and anxiety symptoms using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) focusing on 230 min post-infusion. Results At 230 min post-infusion, correlations between changes in suicidal ideation and depression ranged from 0.23 to 0.44 (p < .05), accounting for up to 19% in the variance of ideation change. Correlations with anxiety ranged from 0.23 to 0.40 (p < .05), accounting for similar levels of variance. Ketamine infusion was associated with significant reductions in suicidal ideation compared to placebo, when controlling for the effects of ketamine on depression (F1,587 = 10.31, p = .001) and anxiety (F1,567 = 8.54, p = .004). Conclusions Improvements in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion are related to, but not completely driven by, improvements in depression and anxiety. Investigation of the specific effects of ketamine on suicidal thoughts is warranted.
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Data from human studies, including the authors' group, show ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects even in individuals with treatment-resistant depression.
“data from human studies, including our group [103], show ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects even in individuals with treatment-resistant depression”
From Challenges and rewards of in vivo synaptic density imaging, and its application to the study of depression (2025) · cites this paper as [104]
Suicidal ideation and depression may be distinct but related phenomena; a reduction in depressive symptoms may accompany a reduction in suicidal ideation, as in ketamine infusion where improvements in suicidal ideation are related to, but not completely driven by, improvements in depression and anxiety.
“Suicidal ideation and depression may be distinct, but related, phenomena (i.e., a reduction in depressive symptoms may accompany a reduction in suicidal ideation, as in ketamine infusion where improvements in suicidal ideation are related to, but not completely driven by, improvements in depression and anxiety [58]).”
From The Efficacy of Buprenorphine in Major Depression, Treatment-Resistant Depression and Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as [58]
Ketamine induces rapid amelioration of suicidal ideation in major depressed patients.
“Ketamine has been also shown to induce a rapid amelioration of suicidal ideation in major depressed patients 23, 24”
From Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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BackgroundConley, A. A., Norwood, A. E. Q., Hatvany, T. C., Griffith, J. D., & Barber, K. E. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05825-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Inpatient suicide in psychiatric settings: Evaluation of current prevention measures
Chammas, F., Januel, D., & Bouaziz, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.997974 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Magnetoencephalographic correlates of suicidal ideation in major depression
Gilbert, J. R., Ballard, E. D., Galiano, C. S., Nugent, A. C., & Zarate, C. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.11.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMcIntyre, R. S., Rodrigues, N. B., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Gill, H., Lui, L. M., Subramaniapillai, M., Kratiuk, K., Teopiz, K., Ho, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120954048 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nicotine inhalation and suicide: clinical correlates and behavioral mechanisms
Swann, A. C., Graham, D. P., Wilkinson, A. V., & Kosten, T. R. (2021) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13171 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Surjan, J., Grossi, J. D., Del Porto, J. A., Delfino, R. S., de Oliveira Cerqueira, R., Lucchese, A. C., Magalhães, E., Del Sant, L. C., Tuena, M. A., Nakahira, C., et al. (2022) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-022-01193-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gilbert, J. R., Gerner, J. L., Burton, C. R., Nugent, A. C., Zarate, C. A., & Ballard, E. D. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.025 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationProspective association of psychological pain and hopelessness with suicidal thoughts
Ballard, E. D., Farmer, C. A., Gerner, J., Bloomfield-Clagett, B., Park, L. T., & Zarate, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.033 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationSani, S., Busnello, J., Kochanski, R., Cohen, Y., & Gibbons, R. D. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.145 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Asch, R. H., Abdallah, C. G., Carson, R. E., & Esterlis, I. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01913-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Garel, N., Greenway, K. T., Dinh-Williams, L.-A. L., Thibault-Levesque, J., Jutras-Aswad, D., Turecki, G., Rej, S., & Richard-Devantoy, S. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01689-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Clinical trials for rapid changes in suicidal ideation: lessons from ketamine
Ballard, E. D., Fields, J., Farmer, C. A., & Zarate, C. A. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12663 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Self-citationSuicide prevention and ketamine: insights from computational modeling
Charlton, C. E., Karvelis, P., McIntyre, R. S., & Diaconescu, A. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1214018 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From psychache to neuroplasticity: A unified rescue-repair model of Ketamine’s anti-suicidal action
Domany, Y., & Solomon-Shashua, A. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106804 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Courtet, P., & Olié, E. (2021) · Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ballard, E. D., Ionescu, D. F., Vande Voort, J. L., Niciu, M. J., Richards, E. M., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Brutsché, N. E., Ameli, R., Furey, M. L., & Zarate, C. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ballard, Elizabeth D.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 58
- Pages
- 161-166
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4163501
- OpenAlex
- W1976396510
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 17.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (IRP-NIMH-NIH)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- ketamine, suicidal ideation, treatment-resistant depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, NMDA receptor antagonists, rapid-acting antidepressants, suicide prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analgesics, Depression, Female, Humans, Ketamine, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Statistics as Topic, Infusions, Subcutaneous, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation
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