A pilot study of the comparative efficacy of 100 Hz magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive therapy in persistent depression
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a novel brain stimulation technique that uses a high-powered transcranial magnetic stimulation device to produce therapeutic seizures. Preliminary MST studies have found antidepressant effects in the absence of cognitive side effects but its efficacy compared to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and cognitive profile of MST compared to standard right unilateral ECT treatment. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients completed a course of at least nine ECT or MST treatments in a randomized double-blind protocol. Assessments of depression severity and cognition were performed before and after treatment. RESULTS: No difference in the antidepressant effectiveness between the treatments was seen across any of the clinical outcome measures, although the overall response rates in both groups were quite low. In regards to cognition, following MST there were significant improvements in tests of psychomotor speed, verbal memory, and cognitive inhibition, with no reductions in cognitive performance. Following ECT there was significant improvement in only one of the cognitive inhibition tasks. With respect to the between-group comparisons, the MST group showed a significantly greater improvement on psychomotor speed than ECT. CONCLUSIONS: MST showed similar efficacy to right unilateral ECT in patients with treatment-resistant depression without cognitive side effects but in a sample that was only of sufficient size to demonstrate relatively large differences in response between the two groups. Future research should aim to optimize the methods of MST administration and compare its efficacy to ECT in large randomized controlled trials.
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Emerging clinical evidence supports antidepressant effects of magnetic seizure therapy in treatment-resistant unipolar depression, and it may have efficacy comparable to electroconvulsive therapy.
“Emerging clinical evidence supports the antidepressant effects of MST in treatment-resistant unipolar depression, and it may have efficacy comparable to ECT. [17][18][19]”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
The Abstract and Discussion report antidepressant activity with MST and similar outcomes to right-unilateral ECT, while cautioning that the small pilot study could not establish equivalence. The Participants section and Table 1 show that the sample included both unipolar and bipolar depression; the reported comparison was not specific to unipolar patients or to all forms of ECT. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn unipolar depression, research to date shows MST is cognitively safe and has a better cognitive safety profile than all standard ECT delivery methods.
“In unipolar depression, research to date has demonstrated that MST is cognitively safe, and relative to all standard methods of ECT delivery has a superior cognitive safety profile.17,20”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
The Cognition results and Discussion (page not provided) report no significant cognitive decline after MST and some evidence of a better cognitive profile than the right unilateral ECT method tested. They do not establish superiority over all standard ECT methods: the paper explicitly says that the cognitive comparison with ultrabrief ECT remains unexplored. The Participants section also includes people with bipolar as well as major depressive disorder, rather than a unipolar-only sample. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMagnetic seizure therapy studies have most commonly used high-frequency 100 Hz stimulation, while earlier studies used medium-frequency ranges between 40 and 60 Hz.
“The MST studies have most commonly used high-frequency 100 Hz stimulation; 17,18,24 however, earlier studies of MST were conducted with medium-frequency ranges between 40 and 60 Hz.25,26”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
Studies of magnetic seizure therapy in treatment-resistant depression have focused on major depressive disorder, and only case studies have described its use for bipolar disorder.
“To date, studies of MST in treatment-resistant depression have focused on major depressive disorder, 17,18 and only case studies have described the use of MST for bipolar disorder. 21,22”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
A small number of patients with bipolar disorder have been included in randomized trials comparing magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive therapy.
“A small number of patients with bipolar disorder have also been included in randomized trials that compared MST and ECT.17,23”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Fitzgerald, P. B., Hoy, K. E., Elliot, D., McQueen, S., Wambeek, L. E., Chen, L., Clinton, A. M., Downey, G., & Daskalakis, Z. J.
- Affiliations
- Epworth Hospital (AU)
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research centre (AU)
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fitzgerald, Paul B.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-01-12
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 393-401
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2783584682
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1002574)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- beyondblue
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- magnetic seizure therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, dysthymia, treatment-resistant depression, antidepressant efficacy, cognitive side effects, psychomotor speed, verbal memory, cognitive inhibition, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Double-Blind Method, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Seizures, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Cognitive Dysfunction, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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