Cited by 563Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Adult mental health outcomes of adolescent depression: A systematic review

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Johnson, Dylan, Dupuis, Gabrielle, Piche, Justin, Clayborne, Zahra, Colman, Ian·2018·Depression and Anxiety

DOI 10.1002/da.22777

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Adolescent depression may increase risk for poor mental health outcomes in adulthood. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association between adolescent depression and adult anxiety and depressive disorders as well as suicidality. METHODS: EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PSYCinfo databases were searched and longitudinal cohort studies in which depression was measured in adolescence (age 10-19) and outcomes of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or suicidality were measured in adulthood (age 21+), were selected. Meta-analysis using inverse variance and random effects modeling, along with sensitivity analyses, were used to synthesize article estimates. RESULTS: Twenty articles were identified, representing 15 unique cohorts. Seventeen of 18 articles showed adolescent depression increased risk for adult depression; eleven pooled cohorts estimated that adolescents with depression had 2.78 (1.97, 3.93) times increased odds of depression in adulthood. Seven of eight articles that investigated the association between adolescent depression and any adult anxiety found a significant association. Three of five articles showed a significant association between adolescent depression and adult suicidality. CONCLUSION: This review shows that adolescent depression increases the risk for subsequent depression later in life. Articles consistently found that adolescent depression increases the risk for anxiety disorders in adulthood, but evidence was mixed on whether or not a significant association existed between adolescent depression and suicidality in adulthood. Early intervention in adolescent depression may reduce long-term burden of disease.

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Mapping network connection and direction between anxiety and depression symptoms across the early, middle, and late adolescents: Insights from a large Chinese sample
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Outcome of depressive mood disorder among adolescent outpatients in an eight-year follow-up
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“Mood disorders are also persistent, mostly in the form of recurrence, and it is common for childhood- and adolescent-onset disorders to recur in adulthood (Kessler et al., 2001; Ormel et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2018).”
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Co-designing a digital mental health platform, “Momentum”, with young people aged 7–17: A qualitative study
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A Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Unmedicated Adolescents With Non-suicidal Self-Injury Behaviors: Evidence From the Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation and Regional Homogeneity Indicator
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A simulation-based network analysis of intervention targets for adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms
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Parent–youth conflict as a predictor of depression in adulthood: a 15-year follow-up of a community-based cohort
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The mediating role of specific coping styles in the relationship between perceived social support and depressive symptoms in adolescents
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Pathways from Food and Housing Insecurity to Adolescent Behavior Problems: The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress
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“Depression in adolescence has been linked with poor mental health in adulthood including depression, anxiety, and suicidality (Johnson et al., 2018) as well as illicit substance use and intimate partner violence victimization (McLeod et al., 2016).”
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Mechanisms of rumination change in adolescent depression (RuMeChange): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of rumination-focused cognitive behavioural therapy to reduce ruminative habit and risk of depressive relapse in high-ruminating adolescents
Roberts, H., Jacobs, R. H., Bessette, K. L., Crowell, S. E., Schreiner, M. W., Thomas, L. R., Easter, R. E., Pocius, S. L., Dillahunt, A. K., Frandsen, S. B., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03193-3 · Cited by 41
Social Support and Substance Use as Moderators of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents
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Mechanisms of Change in the Prevention of Depression: An Indicated School-Based Prevention Trial at the Transition to High School
Blossom, J. B., Adrian, M. C., Stoep, A. V., & McCauley, E. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.031 · Cited by 31
Reciprocal developmental pathways between future-related thinking and symptoms of adolescent depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
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Dietary habits, depression and obesity: an intricate relationship to explore in pediatric preventive strategies
Calcaterra, V., Rossi, V., Magenes, V. C., Baldassarre, P., Grazi, R., Loiodice, M., Fabiano, V., & Zuccotti, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1368283 · Cited by 44
“This ﬁ nding aligns with the understanding that the onset of depression during childhood augments the risk of experiencing subsequent depressive episodes in adult life (23).”
The effect of brief exposure to virtual nature on mental wellbeing in adolescents
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Association between health literacy, depressive symptoms, and suicide-related outcomes in adolescents: A longitudinal study
Guo, C., Cui, Y., Xia, Z., Hu, J., Xue, Y., Huang, X., Wan, Y., Fang, J. Q., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.054 · Cited by 39
Antidepressants in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder and the influence of placebo response: A meta-analysis
Feeney, A., Hock, R. S., D, M. F. M., Ortiz, J. M. H., Iovieno, N., & Papakostas, G. I. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.074 · Cited by 32
Psychometric properties of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS® pediatric item banks Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in a general population
Klaufus, L. H., Luijten, M. A. J., Verlinden, E., van der Wal, M. F., Haverman, L., Cuijpers, P. J., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02852-y · Cited by 36
Randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of implemented depression prevention in high-risk adolescents
de Jonge-Heesen, K. W. J., Rasing, S. P. A., Vermulst, A. A., Scholte, R. H. J., van Ettekoven, K. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Creemers, D. H. M. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01656-0 · Cited by 28
Epidemiology of depressive disorders among youth during Gaokao to college in China: results from Hunan Normal University mental health survey
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Neferine alleviates chronic stress-induced depression by regulating monoamine neurotransmitter secretion and gut microbiota structure
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“In fact, depression has become the second most common cause of death among young (Patton et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2018; Christ et al., 2020; Arzola et al., 2022).”
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Diagnostic Test Accuracy of the Beck Depression Inventory for Detecting Major Depression in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“A meta-analysis using pooled cohorts of 11 studies investigating the association between adolescent and adult depression noted that adolescents with depression had 2.78 (95% CI: 1.97, 3.93) times increased odds of depression in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018).”
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Bilateral associations between sleep duration and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Liao, S., Luo, B., Liu, H., Zhao, L., Shi, W., Lei, Y., & Jia, P. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.007 · Cited by 36
“early pregnancy, unemployment [12], and higher risk of depression and suicidality in adulthood [13].”
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Adverse adolescence experiences, feeling lonely across life stages and loneliness in adulthood
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Prediction of adolescent subjective well‐being: A machine learning approach
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“Besides, adolescent depression and anxiety are linked to elevated odds of adult depression and anxiety disorders, thereby adding to the long-term burden of disease (16, 17).”
Family Functioning, Maternal Depression, and Adolescent Cognitive Flexibility and Its Associations with Adolescent Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study
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“Of note, the onset of depression during teenage years increases the likelihood of experiencing depressive episodes later in life [6].”
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Integrating Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression and the Hopelessness Model in an Adolescent Sample
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Time trends in the incidence of diagnosed depression among people aged 5–25 years living in Finland 1995–2012
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“Depression is relatively rare during childhood and the incidence increases after puberty [4], but depression during childhood and adolescence carries a high risk of recurrence [5,6].”
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A cross‐lagged twin study of emotional symptoms, social isolation and peer victimisation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood
Morneau‐Vaillancourt, G., Oginni, O., Assary, E., Krebs, G., Thompson, E. J., Palaiologou, E., Lockhart, C., Arseneault, L., & Eley, T. C. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13847 · Cited by 26
“:3) ebert, Brendgen, & Blais, 2022; Zhu et al., 2022), others align with a symptom-driven model, where emotional symptoms precede and perhaps evoke peer victimisation (e.g., Barzeva, Richards, Meeus, & Oldehinkel, 2020; Lee & Vaillancourt, 2019; Pabian & Vandebosch, 2016).”
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Association between adolescent depression and adult suicidal behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, C., Tong, Y., Tong, Y., Wang, X., Fang, L., Wen, X., Su, P., Wang, J., & Wang, G. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104185 · Cited by 27
Associations of vegetable and fruit intake, physical activity, and school bullying with depressive symptoms in secondary school students: the mediating role of internet addiction
Ji, L., Ren, Z., Chen, J., Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Xue, B., & Zhang, D. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05867-0 · Cited by 27
“Depression in adolescence is not only a major risk factor for suicidal behavior [7] but also increases the risk of adverse psychological outcomes in adulthood, such as major depression and anxiety [8, 9].”
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Early-life stress affects drug abuse susceptibility in adolescent rat model independently of depression vulnerability
Alves, R. L., Oliveira, P., Lopes, I., Portugal, C., Alves, C. J., Barbosa, F., Summavielle, T., & Magalhães, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70242-4 · Cited by 26
Internet-based emotion-regulation training added to CBT in adolescents with depressive and anxiety disorders: A pilot randomized controlled trial to examine feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness
Wisman, M. A., Emmelkamp, J., Dekker, J., & Christ, C. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100596 · Cited by 35
Longitudinal association between movement behaviours and depressive symptoms among adolescents using compositional data analysis
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Dumuid, D., Janssen, I., Goldfield, G. S., Wang, J., Patte, K. A., Leatherdale, S. T., & Chaput, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256867 · Cited by 28
“Adolescent depression is associated with long-term negative outcomes in adulthood [6,7].”
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Adolescent depression and adult labor market marginalization: a longitudinal cohort study
Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Ssegonja, R., Copeland, W., Ramklint, M., Bohman, H., & Jonsson, U. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01825-3 · Cited by 31
Cohort profile: The Youth and Mental Health Study (YAMHS) – a longitudinal study of the period from adolescence to adulthood
Kaasbøll, J., Sigurdson, J. F., Skokauskas, N., & Sund, A. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247036 · Cited by 28
“Over recent years, longitudinal cohort studies have provided invaluable knowledge about continuity and changes in depressive symptoms [28, 29] and disorders [3], investigating both the course and outcomes into adulthood in the community settings.”
BackgroundInfluential
Longitudinal bidirectional relations between body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms among Black adolescents: A cross-lagged panel analysis
Wang, Y., Lynne‐Landsman, S. D., Witherspoon, D. O., & Black, M. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228585 · Cited by 26
“bulimia and anorexia [6], and depressive symptoms have been associated with academic problems and failure, substance abuse, self-harming behaviors and suicide [7] and depression in adulthood [8].”
Background
Parenting and Youth Onset of Depression Across Three Years: Examining the Influence of Observed Parenting on Child and Adolescent Depressive Outcomes
Griffith, J. M., Crawford, C. M., Oppenheimer, C. W., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00564-z · Cited by 33
“1997); however, research is needed to clarify parenting behaviors contributing to youth onset of depressive disorder, given high levels of distress and impairment associated with an onset of clinical depressive disorder during childhood or adolescence (Avenevoli et al. 2015; Fergusson and Woodward 2002; Keenan-Miller…”
Background
Adolescent neurocognitive development and decision-making abilities regarding gender-affirming care
Ravindranath, O., Perica, M. I., Parr, A. C., Ojha, A., McKeon, S. D., Montano, G. T., Ullendorff, N., Luna, B., & Edmiston, E. K. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101351 · Cited by 31
“While minimal research has examined how adolescent mental illness affects adult neurocognitive outcomes, it has been shown that adolescent depression is associated with greater risk for depression recurrence, anxiety, and suicidality in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018).”
Background
Prevalence and Correlates of Unmet Mental Health Services Need in Adolescents With Major Depressive Episode in 2019: An Analysis of National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data
Fox, D. J., & Hanes, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.001 · Cited by 31
Mental Health Literacy Scale Arabic Version: A Validation Study Among Saudi University Students
Alshehri, E., Alosaimi, D. N., Rufaidi, E., Alsomali, N., & Tumala, R. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741146 · Cited by 20
Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19
Gladstone, T. R. G., Schwartz, J. A. J., Pössel, P., Richer, A. M., Buchholz, K. R., & Rintell, L. S. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01216-4 · Cited by 32
Sexual Orientation and the Integrated Motivational–Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study of Young Adults in the United Kingdom
Rasmussen, S. A., Cramer, R. J., McFadden, C., Haile, C., Sime, V. L., & Wilsey, C. N. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1691693 · Cited by 29
Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy: Effects of Maternal Depression Symptoms and Parenting on Teen Depression Symptoms
Chen, Y., Cheung, S., & Huang, C.-C. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520967754 · Cited by 22
“Much of the existing literature on teen depression and depression symptoms have shown supporting evidence for the fact that depression among adolescents is associated with a broad range of negative outcomes, both during adolescence as well as in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018; Keenan-Miller et al., 2007; Naicker et a…”
Background
Repetitive Negative Thinking Mediates the Relationship Between Sleep Disturbance and Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety, Social Anxiety, Depression, and Eating Disorders in Adolescence: Findings From a 5-Year Longitudinal Study
Richardson, C. E., Magson, N. R., Oar, E. L., Fardouly, J., Johnco, C. J., Freeman, J. Y. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241230458 · Cited by 23
“…in adolescence, symptoms of these disorders are associated with significant burden (Klaufus et al., 2022) and adverse long-term outcomes, including worse educational outcomes, unemployment, and worse mental health and suicidality in adulthood (Clayborne et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2018).”
Adolescent depression and resting-state fMRI brain networks: a scoping review of longitudinal studies
Macedo, M., Sato, J. R., Bressan, R. A., & Pan, P. M. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.47626/1516-4446-2021-2032 · Cited by 22
Feasibility and clinical utility of a transdiagnostic Internet-delivered rational emotive and behavioral intervention for adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders
Păsărelu, C.-R., Dobrean, A., Andersson, G., & Zaharie, G. C. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100479 · Cited by 23
Developmental pathways of repetitive non-suicidal self-injury: predictors in adolescence and psychological outcomes in young adulthood
Wångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., & Daukantaité, D. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00660-5 · Cited by 22
“, [41, 42]) this might make it more difficult to stop engaging in NSSI.”
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Aberrant single-subject morphological brain networks in first-episode, treatment-naive adolescents with major depressive disorder
Qiu, X., Li, J., Pan, F., Yang, Y., Zhou, W., Chen, J., Wei, N., Lu, S., Weng, X., Huang, M., et al. (2023) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkad017 · Cited by 20
“Compared with adult MDD, adolescent MDD is associated with an increased risk for the recurrence of MDD during adulthood (Nardi et al. , 2013 ) and a higher rate of suicide (Johnson et al. , 2018 ).”
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Association between food insecurity and depressive symptoms among adolescents aged 12-15 years from 22 low- and middle-income countries
Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Oh, H. Y., Rahmati, M., Tully, M. A., Yon, D. K., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Ball, G., Shin, J. I., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115485 · Cited by 20
“Moreover, depression in adolescence can also have long-term negative effects that can last into adulthood; this includes depression in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018), but also a range of other problems including anxiety, illicit drug disorders, criminality, and impaired social functioning…”
Longitudinal Relationships Between Help-Seeking Intentions and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
Yamaguchi, S., Ando, S., Miyashita, M., Usami, S., Yamasaki, S., Endo, K., DeVylder, J., Stanyon, D., Baba, K., Nakajima, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.033 · Cited by 25
Cost-effectiveness of an indicated preventive intervention for depression in adolescents: a model to support decision making
Ssegonja, R., Sampaio, F., Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Hagberg, L., Murray, K., Sarkadi, A., Langenskiöld, S., Jonsson, U., & Feldman, I. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.076 · Cited by 27
“Longitudinal studies have demonstrated the dire consequences of adolescent depression both in the short-and long-term (Alaie et al., 2019; Clayborne et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2018; Linder et al., 2019).”
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The Relationship Between Parental Phubbing and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lin, C.-X., Qing, Z., Yan, C.-H., Tang, S.-J., Wang, C.-L., Yang, X., & Liu, X. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00244-0 · Cited by 20
Decoding depression: Analyzing social network insights for depression severity assessment with transformers and explainable AI
Ahmed, T., Ivan, S., Munir, A., & Ahmed, S. (2024) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2024.100079 · Cited by 24

Authors: Johnson, D., Dupuis, G., Piche, J., Clayborne, Z., & Colman, I.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; Ottawa Ontario Canada
Corresponding author: Colman, Ian
ORCID: Johnson, Dylan
Clayborne, Zahra
Colman, Ian
Venue: Depression and Anxiety
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2018-06-07
Volume: 35
Issue: 8
Pages: 700-716
ISSN: 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/da.22777
OpenAlex: W2807093528
Cited by: 563
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 5.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canada Research Chairs
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: adolescent depression, adult depression, suicidality, long-term mental health outcomes, longitudinal cohort, early intervention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Suicide

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Adult mental health outcomes of adolescent depression: A systematic review

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