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Cited by 238Treatment of Major DepressionMental Health Treatment and AccessHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life

Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depression

Berndt, Ernst R., Koran, Lorrin M., Finkelstein, Stan N., Gelenberg, Alan J., Kornstein, Susan G., Miller, Ivan M., Thase, Michael E., Trapp, George A. +1 more·2000·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.940
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Abstract

Objective Chronic depression starts at an early age for many individuals and could affect their accumulation of "human capital" (i.e., education, higher amounts of which can broaden occupational choice and increase earnings potential). The authors examined the impact, by gender, of early- (before age 22) versus late-onset major depressive disorder on educational attainment. They also determined whether the efficacy and sustainability of antidepressant treatments and psychosocial outcomes vary by age at onset and quantified the impact of early- versus late-onset, as well as never-occurring, major depressive disorder on expected lifetime earnings. Method The authors used logistic and multivariate regression methods to analyze data from a three-phase, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial that compared sertraline and imipramine treatment of 531 patients with chronic depression aged 30 years and older. These data were integrated with U.S. Census Bureau data on 1995 earnings by age, educational attainment, and gender. Results Early-onset major depressive disorder adversely affected the educational attainment of women but not of men. No significant difference in treatment responsiveness by age at onset was observed after 12 weeks of acute treatment or, for subjects rated as having responded, after 76 weeks of maintenance treatment. A randomly selected 21-year-old woman with early-onset major depressive disorder in 1995 could expect future annual earnings that were 12%-18% low…

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Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.940

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  • Early onset of depression is associated with significant reductions in human capital (educational and vocational attainment) in affected individuals.

    “and the fact that early onset of depression is associated with significant reductions in 'human capital' (i.e. educational and vocational attainment) in affected individuals (Berndt 2000).”

    From Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents (2012) · cites this paper as Berndt 2000

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Authors
Berndt, E. R., Koran, L. M., Finkelstein, S. N., Gelenberg, A. J., Kornstein, S. G., Miller, I. M., Thase, M. E., Trapp, G. A., & Keller, M. B.
Affiliations
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2000-06-01
Volume
157
Issue
6
Pages
940-947
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.940
OpenAlex
W2045864091
Cited by
238
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 14
FWCI
7.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH061590)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Keywords
age of onset, human capital loss, educational attainment, lifetime earnings, gender differences, sertraline, imipramine, antidepressant response, maintenance therapy, economic burden of depression
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Imipramine, Income, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, United States, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Cost of Illness, Age of Onset, Censuses, Sertraline

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