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Cited by 140Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchDeath, Funerary Practices, and Mourning

Trajectories of grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster‐bereaved people

Open access
Lenferink, Lonneke I. M., Nickerson, Angela, Keijser, Jos, Smid, Geert E., Boelen, Paul A.·2020·Depression and Anxiety
DOI 10.1002/da.22850PMC PMC7028032
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous latent trajectory studies in adult bereaved people have identified individual differences in reactions postloss. However, prior findings may not reflect the complete picture of distress postloss, because they were focused on depression symptoms following nonviolent death. We examined trajectories of symptom-levels of persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD), depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a disaster-bereaved sample. We also investigated associations among these trajectories and background and loss-related factors, psychological support, and previous mental health complaints. METHODS: Latent class growth modeling was used to identify distinct trajectories of PCBD, depression, and PTSD symptoms in people who lost loved ones in a plane disaster in 2014. Participants (N = 172) completed questionnaires for PCBD, depression, and PTSD at 11, 22, 31, and 42 months postdisaster. Associations among class membership and background and loss-related variables, psychological support, and previous mental health complaints were examined using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Two PCBD classes emerged: mild (81.8%) and chronic (18.2%) PCBD. For both depression and PTSD, three classes emerged: mild (85.6% and 85.2%), recovered (8.2% and 4.4%), and chronic trajectory (6.2% and 10.3%). People assigned to the chronic PCBD, depression, or PTSD class were less highly educated than people assigned to the mild/recovered classes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first latent trajectory study that offers insights in individual differences in longitudinal symptom profiles of PCBD, depression, and PTSD in bereaved people. We found support for differential trajectories and predictors across the outcomes.

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  • Longitudinal studies using latent growth mixture modelling have noted a group with high grief symptoms that do not improve over time.

    “Longitudinal studies assessing bereaved people at multiple time points, and using latent growth mixture modelling to map the different trajectories of grief symptoms over time, have noted the presence of a group with high grief symptoms that do not improve over time 88-90 .”

    From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [89]

    The Discussion reports a chronic group with above-threshold grief symptoms that increased over time, supporting the claim that a high-symptom group did not improve. However, Materials and Methods (Statistical analyses; page unavailable) explicitly says the authors used latent class growth modeling rather than latent growth mixture modeling. (LLM, conf=0.91)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). Prospective risk factors for complicated grief: A review of the empirical literature In Stroebe M. S., Schut H., & van den Bout J. (Eds.), Complicated grief: Scientific foundations for healthcare professionals (pp. 145– 161). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  2. Muthén L. K., & Muthén B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user's guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

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Authors
Lenferink, L. I. M., Nickerson, A., Keijser, J., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group (NL)
  • Utrecht University (NL)
Corresponding author
Lenferink, Lonneke I. M.
ORCID
Venue
Depression and Anxiety
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-10-19
Volume
37
Issue
1
Pages
35-44
ISSN
  • 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-6394
DOI
10.1002/da.22850
PMC
PMC7028032
OpenAlex
W2897850372
Cited by
140
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7
FWCI
13.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Humanistic Studies OAI Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
The Victim Fund
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Keywords
prolonged grief disorder, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, grief trajectories, psychological support, educational attainment
MeSH terms
Accidents, Aviation, Latent Class Analysis, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bereavement, Death, Depression, Disasters, Female, Grief, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Young Adult

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