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Dark microglia: A new phenotype predominantly associated with pathological states
Open accessAbstract
The past decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia. These immune cells were shown to actively remodel neuronal circuits, leading to propose new pathogenic mechanisms. To study microglial implication in the loss of synapses, the best pathological correlate of cognitive decline across chronic stress, aging, and diseases, we recently conducted ultrastructural analyses. Our work uncovered the existence of a new microglial phenotype that is rarely present under steady state conditions, in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus, but becomes abundant during chronic stress, aging, fractalkine signaling deficiency (CX 3 CR1 knockout mice), and Alzheimer's disease pathology (APP‐PS1 mice). Even though these cells display ultrastructural features of microglia, they are strikingly distinct from the other phenotypes described so far at the ultrastructural level. They exhibit several signs of oxidative stress, including a condensed, electron‐dense cytoplasm and nucleoplasm making them as “dark” as mitochondria, accompanied by a pronounced remodeling of their nuclear chromatin. Dark microglia appear to be much more active than the normal microglia, reaching for synaptic clefts, while extensively encircling axon terminals and dendritic spines with their highly ramified and thin processes. They stain for the myeloid cell markers IBA1 and GFP (in CX 3 CR1‐GFP mice), and strongly express CD11b and microglia‐specific 4D4 in their processes encircling synaptic elements, and TREM2 when they associate with amyloid plaques. Overall, these findings suggest that dark microglia, a new phenotype that we identified based on their unique properties, could play a significant role in the pathological remodeling of neuronal circuits, especially at synapses. GLIA 2016;64:826–839
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“Dysregulation of microglial functions is associated with several health concerns that often show sex prevalences, not only affecting Alzheimer’s disease, which shows more prevalence among females, and Parkinson’s disease, more male-prevalent, but also including various other neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders [38–43].”
From Sex chromosomes and sex hormones differently shape microglial properties during normal physiological conditions in the adult mouse hippocampus (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bisht, K., Sharma, K. P., Lecours, C., Gabriela Sánchez, M., El Hajj, H., Milior, G., Olmos‐Alonso, A., Gómez‐Nicola, D., Luheshi, G., Vallières, L., Branchi, I., Maggi, L., Limatola, C., Butovsky, O., & Tremblay, M.
- Affiliations
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (CA)
- Axe Neurosciences Centre De Recherche Du CHU De Québec Québec Québec Canada
- Istituto Pasteur (IT)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (IT)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tremblay, Marie‐Ève
- ORCID
- Venue
- Glia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-02-05
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 826-839
- ISSN
- 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1136
- PMC
- PMC4949554
- OpenAlex
- W2256955303
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 20.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Glia (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (RGPIN-2014-05308)
- Medical Research Council (MR/K022687/1)
- The Banting Research Foundation
- The Scottish Rite Charitable Foundation of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglial phenotype, oxidative stress, chronic stress, aging, CX3CR1, Alzheimer's disease, APP/PS1 mice, amyloid plaques, TREM2, synaptic loss, dendritic spines, axon terminals, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase, Aging, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Alzheimer Disease, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors, Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Phenotype, Stress, Psychological, Antigens, CD, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Microglia, Receptors, Chemokine, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice, Presenilin-1
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