Network analysis of resting state EEG in the developing young brain: structure comes with maturation
Open accessAbstract
During childhood, brain structure and function changes substantially. Recently, graph theory has been introduced to model connectivity in the brain. Small‐world networks, such as the brain, combine optimal properties of both ordered and random networks, i.e., high clustering and short path lengths. We used graph theoretical concepts to examine changes in functional brain networks during normal development in young children. Resting‐state eyes‐closed electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded (14 channels) from 227 children twice at 5 and 7 years of age. Synchronization likelihood (SL) was calculated in three different frequency bands and between each pair of electrodes to obtain SL‐weighted graphs. Mean normalized clustering index, average path length and weight dispersion were calculated to characterize network organization. Repeated measures analysis of variance tested for time and gender effects. For all frequency bands mean SL decreased from 5 to 7 years. Clustering coefficient increased in the alpha band. Path length increased in all frequency bands. Mean normalized weight dispersion decreased in beta band. Girls showed higher synchronization for all frequency bands and a higher mean clustering in alpha and beta bands. The overall decrease in functional connectivity (SL) might reflect pruning of unused synapses and preservation of strong connections resulting in more cost‐effective networks. Accordingly, we found increases in average clustering and path length and decreased weight dispersion indicating that normal brain maturation is characterized by a shift from random to more organized small‐world functional networks. This developmental process is influenced by gender differences early in development. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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From roughly 5 years of age until adulthood, theta, alpha, and beta oscillation networks exhibit concurrent increases in clustering coefficient and strength of long-range anterior-posterior and interhemispheric connections.
“From roughly 5 years of age until adulthood, theta (~4Hz), alpha (~10Hz), and beta (~20Hz) oscillation networks exhibit concurrent increases in clustering coefficient (Boersma et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2012) and strength of long-range anterior-posterior and interhemispheric connections (Barry et al., 2004; Miskovic et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2012; Srinivasan, 1999).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Boersma et al., 2011
Two reports found path length increases with age, while more recent work demonstrates age-related reductions.
“Somewhat unexpectedly, two reports found path length to also increase with age (Boersma et al., 2011; Smit et al., 2012), although more recent work demonstrates age-related reductions (Miskovic et al., 2015).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Boersma et al., 2011
Network structure becomes increasingly non-random across this timespan.
“There is also consensus that network structure becomes increasingly non-random across this timespan (Boersma et al., 2011; Miskovic et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2012).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Boersma et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Boersma, M., Smit, D. J. A., de Bie, H. M. A., Van Baal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E. J. C., Delemarre‐van de Waal, H. A., & Stam, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-02-14
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 413-425
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6870229
- OpenAlex
- W2147318465
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 7.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- resting-state EEG, functional brain networks, brain maturation, child development, small-world networks, synchronization likelihood, graph theory, clustering coefficient, path length, gender differences, synaptic pruning, alpha band, beta band
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Child, Preschool, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Rest, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Spectrum Analysis, Twins, Twin Studies as Topic, Brain Waves
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