Network analysis of auditory hallucinations in nonpsychotic individuals
Open accessAbstract
Background: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia and can severely disrupt behavior and decrease quality of life. Identification of areas with high functional connectivity (so‐called hub regions) that are associated with the predisposition to hallucinate may provide potential targets for neuromodulation in the treatment of AVH. Methods: Resting‐state fMRI scans during which no hallucinations had occurred were acquired from 29 nonpsychotic individuals with AVH and 29 matched controls. These nonpsychotic individuals with AVH provide the opportunity to study AVH without several confounds associated with schizophrenia, such as antipsychotic medication use and other symptoms related to the illness. Hub regions were identified by assessing weighted connectivity strength and betweenness centrality across groups using a permutation analysis. Results: Nonpsychotic individuals with AVH exhibited increased functioning as hub regions in the temporal cortices and the posterior cingulate/precuneus, which is an important area in the default mode network (DMN), compared to the nonhallucinating controls. In addition, the right inferior temporal gyrus, left paracentral lobule and right amygdala were less important as a hub region in the AVH group. Conclusions: These results suggest that the predisposition to hallucinate may be related to aberrant functioning of the DMN and the auditory cortices. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1436–1445, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In resting-state networks, the role of the amygdala tends to decrease, and its connectivity with the left temporoparietal region is reduced, which is generally overactive during AVHs.
“Moreover, Van Lutterveld and colleagues found that, in resting-state networks, the role of the amygdala tends to decrease, and Vercammen found its reduced connectivity with the left temporoparietal region, which is recognised to be generally overactive during AVHs [76, 77].”
From The “common” experience of voice-hearing and its relationship with shame and guilt: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190 · see citing works
Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems
Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2575 · Cited by 11,820 · see citing works
Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations
Rubinov, M., & Sporns, O. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003 · Cited by 11,522 · see citing works
<i>The Brain's Default Network</i>: <i>Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease</i>
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761 · see citing works
The influence of head motion on intrinsic functional connectivity MRI
Van Dijk, K. R. A., Sabuncu, M. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.044 · Cited by 2,344 · see citing works
Functional Connectivity and Brain Networks in Schizophrenia
Lynall, M.-E., Bassett, D. S., Kerwin, R., McKenna, P. J., Kitzbichler, M. G., Müller, U., & Bullmore, E. T. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0333-10.2010 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH)
Andreasen, N. C. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080023004 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Hierarchical Organization of Human Cortical Networks in Health and Schizophrenia
Bassett, D. S., Bullmore, E. T., Verchinski, B. A., Mattay, V. S., Weinberger, D. R., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1929-08.2008 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Abnormalities of the Left Temporal Lobe and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia
Shenton, M. E., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F. A., Pollak, S. D., LeMay, M. J., Wible, C. G., Hokama, H., Martin, J., Metcalf, D., Coleman, M., et al. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199208273270905 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Comparing Brain Networks of Different Size and Connectivity Density Using Graph Theory
van Wijk, B. C. M., Stam, C. J., & Daffertshofer, A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013701 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia
Liu, Y., Liang, M., Zhou, Y., Yong He, A., Hao, Y., Song, M., Yu, C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., & Jiang, T. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn018 · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Ravelli, A. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00224-8 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Activation of Heschl’s Gyrus during Auditory Hallucinations
Dierks, T., Linden, D. E. J., Jandl, M., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Lanfermann, H., & Singer, W. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80715-1 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia
Barta, P. E., Pearlson, G. D., Powers, R. E., Richards, S. S., & Tune, L. E. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.11.1457 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, M. P., Stam, C. J., Boersma, M., & Pol, H. E. H. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.010 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Part I: Description
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1995.9.2.83 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey
Nayani, T. H., & David, A. S. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170003381x · Cited by 710 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, M. P., Mandl, R. C. W., Stam, C. J., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2874-10.2010 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Jardri, R., Pouchet, A., Pins, D., & Thomas, P. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101522 · Cited by 651 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Additional inclusion criteria for the nonpsychotic individuals with AVH consisted of (4) voices were distinct from thoughts and had a ‘‘hearing’’ quality, (5) voices were experienced at least once a month, (6) drug or alcohol abuse did not precede the first experience of AVH, (7) Because the presence of AVH is related…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Boost graph library : user guide and reference manual
Siek, J. G., Lee, L., & Lumsdaine, A. (2002) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action
Frith, C. D., & Done, D. J. (1989) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170001240x · Cited by 551 · see citing works
The functional architecture of the infant brain as revealed by resting-state fMRI
Fransson, P., Åden, U., Blennow, M., & Lagercrantz, H. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq071 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Distribution of hallucinations in the population
Tien, A. Y. (1991) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00789221 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function. Rating scale evidence.
Strauss, J. S. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740230069010 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Small‐world properties of nonlinear brain activity in schizophrenia
Rubinov, M., Knock, S. A., Stam, C. J., Micheloyannis, S., Harris, A. W. F., Williams, L. M., & Breakspear, M. J. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20517 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Small-world networks and disturbed functional connectivity in schizophrenia
Micheloyannis, S., Pachou, E., Stam, C. J., Breakspear, M. J., Bitsios, P., Vourkas, M., Erimaki, S., & Zervakis, M. E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.028 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Depression in Schizophrenia: Perspective in the Era of “Atypical” Antipsychotic Agents
Siris, S. G. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1379 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Liang, M., Zhou, Y., Jiang, T., Liu, Z., Tian, L., Liu, H., & Hao, Y. (2006) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000198434.06518.b8 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Hayasaka, S., & Laurienti, P. J. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.051 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Functional connectivity hubs in the human brain
Tomasi, D., & Volkow, N. D. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.024 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia
Hoffman, R. E. (1986) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00046781 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Resting-state functional network correlates of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia
Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V. G., Oertel‐Knöchel, V., Uhlhaas, P. J., Vogeley, K. T., & Linden, D. E. J. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.001 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Daalman, K., Boks, M. P. M., Diederen, K. M. J., de Weijer, A. D., Blom, J. D., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05797yel · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationPersistent auditory hallucinations: coping mechanisms and implications for management
Falloon, I. R. H., & Talbot, R. E. (1981) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700052144 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Sensory deception: a scientific analysis of hallucination
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-4763 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Sommer, I. E., Daalman, K., Rietkerk, T., Diederen, K. M., Bakker, S., Wijkstra, J., & Boks, M. P. M. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn130 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationImpulse Control Disorders: Updated Review of Clinical Characteristics and Pharmacological Management
Schreiber, L. R. N., Odlaug, B., & Grant, J. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00001 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Combining voxel intensity and cluster extent with permutation test framework
Hayasaka, S., & Nichols, T. E. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.035 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Vercammen, A., Knegtering, H., den Boer, J. A., Liemburg, E. J., & Aleman, A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.017 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: intrusive thoughts and forgotten memories
Waters, F., Badcock, J., Michie, P., & Maybery, M. (2006) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000191 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Singh, K. D., Barnes, G. R., & Hillebrand, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00249-0 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Northoff, G., & Qin, P. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.009 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Deactivation of the Parahippocampal Gyrus Preceding Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
Diederen, K. M. J., Neggers, S. F. W., Daalman, K., Blom, J. D., Goekoop, R., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040456 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Correlates of Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia
Kircher, T. T. J., Liddle, P. F., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.769 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Violence in schizophrenia: role of hallucinations and delusions
Cheung, P., Schweitzer, I., Crowley, K., & Tuckwell, V. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00049-2 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The Neurodynamic Organization of Modality-Dependent Hallucinations
Jardri, R., Thomas, P., Delmaire, C., Delion, P., & Pins, D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs082 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Hoffman, R. E., Fernandez, T., Pittman, B., & Hampson, M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.050 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The internal structure of the phenomenology of auditory verbal hallucinations
Stephane, M., THURAS, P. D., Nasrallah, H. A., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00013-6 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals
Diederen, K. M. J., Daalman, K., de Weijer, A. D., Neggers, S. F. W., van Gastel, W., Blom, J. D., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr033 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder
Horn, H., Federspiel, A., Wirth, M., Müller, T., Wiest, R., Wang, J.-J., & Strik, W. K. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045633 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Gavrilescu, M., Rossell, S., Stuart, G. W., Shea, T. L., Innes-Brown, H., Henshall, K., McKay, C., Sergejew, A. A., Copolov, D., & Egan, G. F. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991632 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Neggers, S. F. W., Hermans, E. J., & Ramsey, N. F. (2008) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1235 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Egan, G. F., Pantelis, C., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21379 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations: Failure to inhibit irrelevant memories
Michie, P. T., Badcock, J. C., Waters, F. A. V., & Maybery, M. T. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000363 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Resting State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Chronic Hallucinations
Sommer, I. E., Clos, M., Meijering, A. L., Diederen, K. M. J., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043516 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationRumination, reflection, intrusive thoughts, and hallucination-proneness: towards a new model.
Jones, S. R., & Fernyhough, C. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Haddock, G., Slade, P. D., Bentall, R. P., Reid, D. B. C., & Faragher, E. B. (1998) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1998.tb00996.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Modulations of functional connectivity in the healthy and schizophrenia groups during task and rest
Ma, S., Calhoun, V. D., Eichele, T., Du, W., & Adalı, T. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.048 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Decreased language lateralization is characteristic of psychosis, not auditory hallucinations
Diederen, K. M. J., De Weijer, A. D., Daalman, K., Blom, J. D., Neggers, S. F. W., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq313 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal connectivity between attentional, language and auditory networks in schizophrenia
Liemburg, E. J., Vercammen, A., Horst, G. J. T., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., Knegtering, H., & Aleman, A. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Neurophysiology of Auditory Hallucinations – A Historical and Contemporary Review
van Lutterveld, R., Sommer, I. E., & Ford, J. M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00028 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCarthy‐Jones, S. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Formal thought disorder in non-clinical individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations
Sommer, I. E., Derwort, A. M. C., Daalman, K., de Weijer, A. D., Liddle, P. F., & Boks, M. P. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal Reorganization of Functional Cortical Small-World Networks in Focal Hand Dystonia
Jin, S., Lin, P. T., & Hallett, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028682 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hallucinations, Thought Disorders, and the Language Domain in Schizophrenia
Strik, W. K., Dierks, T., Hubl, D., & Horn, H. (2008) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/155005940803900214 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nicol, R. M., Chapman, S. C., Vértes, P. E., Nathan, P. J., Smith, M. L., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00817.2011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
van Lutterveld, R., Oranje, B., Kemner, C., Abramovic, L., Willems, A. E., Boks, M. P., Glenthoj, B. Y., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory hallucination coping techniques and their relationship to psychotic symptomatology
Hayashi, N., Igarashi, Y., Suda, K., & Nakagawa, S. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01741.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
On the existence of a generalized non-specific task-dependent network
Hugdahl, K., Raichle, M. E., Mitra, A., & Specht, K. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00430 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Alderson-Day, B., McCarthy-Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.016 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, J., Jia, Y., Zhong, S., Zhong, M., Sun, Y., Niu, M., Zhao, L., Zhao, L., Pan, J., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.117 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Distinct processing of ambiguous speech in people with non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations
Alderson-Day, B., Lima, C. F., Evans, S., Krishnan, S., Shanmugalingam, P., Fernyhough, C., & Scott, S. K. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx206 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The ice in voices: Understanding negative content in auditory-verbal hallucinations
Larøi, F., Thomas, N., Aleman, A., Fernyhough, C., Wilkinson, S., Deamer, F., & McCarthy-Jones, S. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.11.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Volpato, E., Cavalera, C., Castelnuovo, G., Molinari, E., & Pagnini, F. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03902-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Moreover, Van Lutterveld and colleagues found that, in resting-state networks, the role of the amygdala tends to decrease, and Vercammen found its reduced connectivity with the left temporoparietal region, which is recognised to be generally overactive during AVHs [76, 77].”
Background
- Authors
- van Lutterveld, R., Diederen, K. M. J., Otte, W. M., & Sommer, I. E.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-21
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1436-1445
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6869060
- OpenAlex
- W1906405192
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- auditory verbal hallucinations, hub regions, functional connectivity, default mode network, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, temporal cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, paracentral lobule, amygdala, resting-state fMRI, neuromodulation, schizophrenia risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Hallucinations, Head, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Movement, Rest, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Speech Perception, Artifacts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
