The functional architecture of the infant brain as revealed by resting-state fMRI
Abstract
The functional network topology of the adult human brain has recently begun to be noninvasively mapped using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging and described using mathematical tools originating from graph theory. Previous studies have revealed the existence of disproportionally connected brain regions, so called cortical hubs, which act as information convergence zones and supposedly capture key aspects of how the brain's architecture supports human behavior and how it is affected by disease. In this study, we present results showing that cortical hubs and their associated cortical networks are largely confined to primary sensory and motor brain regions in the infant brain. Our findings in infants stand in stark contrast to the situation found in adults where the majority of cortical hubs and hub-related networks are located in heteromodal association cortex. Our findings suggest that the functional network architecture in infants is linked to support tasks that are of a perception-action nature.
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Neonatal hubs primarily involve early sensorimotor, visual, and limbic regions.
“whereas neonatal hubs primarily involve early sensorimotor, visual, and limbic regions (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; Fransson et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2011).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Fransson et al., 2011
Hub configurations are robustly evident after birth.
“Hub configurations are robustly evident after birth (De Asis-Cruz et al., 2015; Fransson et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2011)”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Fransson et al., 2011
In adulthood, high strength and betweenness hubs are largely located within default mode, attentional, sensorimotor, and visual areas.
“high strength and betweenness hubs in adulthood are largely located within within the default mode, attentional, sensorimotor, and visual areas (Cao et al., 2014; Fransson et al., 2011; Grayson et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2013)”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Fransson et al., 2011
Primary functional networks, including sensorimotor, visual and auditory networks, develop first and show adult-like topologies in premature babies at term age and in full-term newborns.
“Specifically, primary functional networks, including the sensorimotor, visual, and auditory networks, develop first and show adult-like topologies in premature babies at term age86, 89, 92, 93 and in full-term newborns6, 90, 91.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
The shift in behavioral strategies may reflect maturation of connections between default mode network regions, known to be involved in hetero-modal integration and processing of socially relevant stimuli and interactions, with primary visual and sensory-motor regions along with higher association areas distributed throughout prefrontal and parietal cortex.
“This shift in behavioral strategies may reflect maturation of connections between default mode network regions, known to be involved in hetero-modal integration as well as processing of socially relevant stimuli and interactions, with primary visual and sensory-motor regions along with higher association areas distributed throughout the prefrontal and parietal cortex (Buckner et al. 2008; Fransson”
From Joint attention and brain functional connectivity in infants and toddlers (2017) · cites this paper as Fransson et al. 2011
Similar to Fransson et al., we also identified SMA, left insula, and right somatosensory cortex.
“Similar to the findings of Fransson et al.22, we also identified SMA, left insula, and right somatosensory cortex.”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
Fransson and colleagues evaluated cortical hubs and small world topology in 19 infants.
“Fransson and colleagues, in their 2011 study, evaluated cortical hubs and small world topology in 19 infants22.”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
We identified unimodal areas such as the somatosensory cortices, similar to previous reports.
“We identified unimodal areas such as the somatosensory cortices, similar to previous reports22.”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
We scanned term neonates (GA at birth, range: 37.57-41.86 weeks; GA at scan: 41.50 weeks) whereas previous studies included younger neonates (Gao et al., GA at birth, range: 35-42 weeks; Fransson et al., GA at scan: 39 ± 2 weeks GA).
“We scanned term neonates (GA at birth, range: 37.57–41.86 weeks; GA at scan: 41.50 weeks) whereas previous studies1622 included younger neonates (Gao et al., GA at birth, range: 35–42 weeks; Fransson et al., GA at scan: 39 ± 2 weeks GA).”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
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“…and betweenness hubs in adulthood are largely located within the default mode, attentional, sensorimotor, and visual areas (Cao et al., 2014; Fransson et al., 2011; Grayson et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2013), whereas neonatal hubs primarily involve early sensorimotor, visual, and limbic…”
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- Authors
- Fransson, P., Åden, U., Blennow, M., & Lagercrantz, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-04-26
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 145-154
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2158031492
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 17.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- infant brain, resting-state functional connectivity, cortical hubs, functional network topology, graph theory, primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, perception-action coupling, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Brain Waves
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