Inflammatory bowel disease and completed suicide in Danish adults
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The risk of suicide is increased among people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, most of the evidence regarding this association comes from studies of all-cause mortality, with small numbers of people who have committed suicide, or from clinical case reports. The current study examined the association between the two forms of IBD: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and completed suicide in a population-based sample. METHODS: Data for this nested case-control study were obtained from the Danish national healthcare and social registries. We included 27,053 cases who completed suicide between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 2006. Controls were selected from the general population and matched to cases on gender, date of birth, and calendar time (n = 551,060). RESULTS: There was an increased rate of suicide among participants with both CD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 2.3) and UC (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.4), when adjusting for the matched factors and identified confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that physicians treating IBD patients should be vigilant about expressions of suicidal ideation or signs and symptoms of self-harm.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a Danish case-control study, increased rates of suicide were found among participants with CD (odds ratio = 1.6) and UC (OR = 1.9).
“The results indicate increased rates of suicide among participants with CD (odds ratio = 1.6, 95%) and UC (OR = 1.9, 95%) [120].”
From Association between Childhood Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Cites
The Danish National Hospital Register. A valuable source of data for modern health sciences.
Andersen, T. F., Madsen, M., Jørgensen, J. O. L., Mellemkjoer, L., & Olsen, J. H. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 2,034 · see citing works
The Danish Civil Registration System. A cohort of eight million persons.
Pedersen, C. B., Gøtzsche, H., Møller, J. O., & Mortensen, P. B. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
Qin, P., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.765 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen an Entire Country Is a Cohort
Frank, L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5462.2398 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment · doi:10.1002/9780470061596.risk0599 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
The Danish Psychiatric Central Register.
Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Mortensen, P. B. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Guthrie, E., Jackson, J., Shaffer, J., Thompson, D., Tomenson, B., & Creed, F. (2002) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05842.x · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Fuller-Thomson, E., & Sulman, J. (2006) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/00054725-200608000-00005 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Qin, P., Xu, H., Laursen, T. M., Vestergaard, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38488.462037.8f · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Winther, K. V., Jess, T., Langholz, E., Munkholm, P., & Binder, V. (2003) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.036 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Introduction to Regression Modeling
Abraham, B., & Ledolter, J. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Nordin, K., Påhlman, L., Larsson, K., Sundberg-Hjelm, M., & Lööf, L. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/003655202317316097 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Mortality in Ulcerative Colitis
Gyde, S. N., Prior, P., Dew, M. J., Saunders, V., Waterhouse, J. A. H., & Allan, R. N. (1982) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(82)80281-3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Prior, P., Gyde, S. N., Cooke, W. T., Waterhouse, J. A. H., & Allan, R. N. (1981) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(81)90719-8 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Fonager, K. (1997) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/26.5.1003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mortality in Ulcerative Colitis: 1930 to 1966
Morowitz, D. A., & Kirsner, J. B. (1969) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(19)33842-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Robison, W. W., Bentlif, P. S., & Kelsey, J. R. (1980) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01308139 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Suicide as an outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Triantafillidis, J. K., Hyphantis, T. N., Cheracakis, P., Antoniou, A., & Sklavaina, M. (2002) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05636.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Singhal, A., Ross, J., Seminog, O., Hawton, K., & Goldacre, M. J. (2014) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076814522033 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Kappelmann, N., Arloth, J., Georgakis, M. K., Czamara, D., Rost, N., Ligthart, S., Khandaker, G. M., & Binder, E. B. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3436 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Jess, T., Frisch, M., & Simonsen, J. (2012) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.09.026 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Depression is associated with more aggressive inflammatory bowel disease
Kochar, B., Barnes, E. L., Long, M. D., Cushing, K. C., Galanko, J., Martin, C. F., Raffals, L. E., & Sandler, R. S. (2018) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.423 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Erlangsen, A., Stenager, E., & Conwell, Y. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1051-0 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Etiology and Treatment of Pain and Psychosocial Issues in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Regueiro, M., Greer, J. B., & Szigethy, E. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.036 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Butwicka, A., Olén, O., Larsson, H., Halfvarson, J., Almqvist, C., Lichtenstein, P., Serlachius, E., Frisén, L., & Ludvigsson, J. F. (2019) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2662 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Psychiatric comorbidity increases mortality in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Marrie, R. A., Walld, R., Bolton, J. M., Sareen, J., Patten, S. B., Singer, A. G., Lix, L. M., Hitchon, C. A., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Katz, A., et al. (2018) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.06.001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Neilson, K., Ftanou, M., Monshat, K., Salzberg, M., Bell, S., Kamm, M. A., Connell, W., Knowles, S. R., Sevar, K., Mancuso, S. G., et al. (2016) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000629 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wu, K., Liu, Y.-Y., Shao, S., Song, W., Chen, X.-H., Dong, Y.-T., & Zhang, Y.-M. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dibley, L. B., Norton, C. S., & Whitehead, E. (2017) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13492 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ludvigsson, J. F., Olén, O., Larsson, H., Halfvarson, J., Almqvist, C., Lichtenstein, P., & Butwicka, A. (2021) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab039 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Death by Suicide in Graves' Disease and Graves' Orbitopathy: A Nationwide Danish Register Study
Ferløv-Schwensen, C., Brix, T. H., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2017) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0365 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bhandari, S., Larson, M. E., Kumar, N., & Stein, D. (2017) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl16347 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Flux, M. C., & Lowry, C. A. (2019) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104578 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
González-Moret, R., Cebolla, A., Cortés, X., Baños, R., Navarrete, J., Rubia, J. E. D. L., Lisón, J. F., & Soria, J. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63168-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Massironi, S., Pigoni, A., Vegni, E. A. M., Keefer, L., Dubinsky, M. C., Brambilla, P., Delvecchio, G., & Danese, S. (2024) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izae206 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Association of Thyroid Function with Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Toloza, F. J. K., Mao, Y., Menon, L., George, G. M., Borikar, M., Thumma, S., Motahari, H., Erwin, P. J., Owen, R. R., & Maraka, S. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57070714 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Umar, N., King, D. S., Chandan, J. S., Bhala, N. B., Nirantharakumar, K., Adderley, N. J., Zemedikun, D. T., Harvey, P., & Trudgill, N. J. (2022) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.17110 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Toxoplasma gondii, Suicidal Behavior, and Intermediate Phenotypes for Suicidal Behavior
Postolache, T. T., Wadhawan, A., Rujescu, D., Hoisington, A. J., Dagdag, A., Baca‐García, E., Lowry, C. A., Okusaga, O. O., & Brenner, L. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665682 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dickerson, F., Adamos, M., Katsafanas, E., Khushalani, S., Origoni, A., Savage, C., Schweinfurth, L., Stallings, C., Sweeney, K., Alaedini, A., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Validation of the PHQ-9 for Suicidal Ideation in Persons with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Litster, B., Bernstein, C. N., Graff, L. A., Walker, J. R., Fisk, J. D., Patten, S. B., Bolton, J. M., Sareen, J., El-Gabalawy, R. M., & Marrie, R. A. (2018) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izy032 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Arp, L., Jansson, S., Wewer, V., & Burisch, J. (2022) · Journal of Crohn's and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac095 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Åberg, M., Nyberg, J., Torén, K., Wallin, A. S., Kuhn, H. G., & Wærn, M. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001207 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Geng, Q., Zhang, Q.-E., Wang, F., Zheng, W., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Wang, G., & Xiang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.111 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Okusaga, O. O., Duncan, E., LANGENBERG, P. W., Brundin, L., Fuchs, D., Groer, M. E., Giegling, I., Stearns‐Yoder, K. A., Hartmann, A. M., Konte, B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Brix, T. H., Ferløv-Schwensen, C., Thvilum, M., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-01946-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Xiong, Q., Tang, F., Li, Y., Xie, F., Yuan, L., Yao, C., Wu, R., Wang, J., Wang, Q., & Feng, P. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110983 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Incidence of Suicide in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhang, C., Byrne, G., Lee, T., Singer, J., Giustini, D., & Bressler, B. L. (2018) · Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1093/jcag/gwy025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ballard, E. D., Cwik, M. F., Storr, C. L., Goldstein, M. A., Eaton, W. W., & Wilcox, H. C. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.03.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sălcudean, A., Nan, A. G., Bodo, C. R., Cosma, M. C., Strete, E. G., & Lica, M. M. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13111868 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tripp, D. A., Jones, K., Mihajlovic, V., Westcott, S., & MacQueen, G. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105321999085 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Predictors of Suicidal Ideation Among IBD Outpatients
Hashash, J. G., Vachon, A., Rivers, C. R., Regueiro, M. D., Binion, D. G., Altman, L., Williams, C., & Szigethy, E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001094 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care Referral Pathway
Kinnucan, J. A. R., Binion, D. G., Cross, R. K., Evans, E. R., Harlen, K. M., Matarese, L. E., Mullins, A. K., O’Neal, B., Reiss, M., Scott, F. I., et al. (2019) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.064 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Psychosocial Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient
Alarhayem, A. Q., Achebe, E., & Logue, A. J. (2015) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2015.08.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Luntamo, T., Sourander, A., Gyllenberg, D., Sillanmäki, L. H., Aromaa, M. E., Tamminen, T., Kumpulainen, K., Moilanen, I. K., & Piha, J. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0382-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jansson, S., Malham, M., Wewer, V., & Rask, C. U. (2022) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16246 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tang, F., Mehlum, L. I., Mehlum, I. S., & Qin, P. (2019) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckz101 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Beery, R. M. M., Barnes, E. L., Nadkarni, A., & Korzenik, J. R. (2017) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izx005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Depression Predicts Prolonged Length of Hospital Stay in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Patel, P. V., Pantell, M. S., Heyman, M. B., & Verstraete, S. G. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002426 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mortality in inflammatory bowel disease patients under 65 years of age
O’Toole, A., Walsh, P., Keegan, D., Byrne, K., Doherty, G. A., O’Donoghue, D., & Mulcahy, H. E. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365521.2014.907824 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gregory, V. L. (2019) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2019.1610682 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Davarinejad, O., RostamiParsa, F., Radmehr, F., Farnia, V., & Alikhani, M. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_812_20 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reducing the Prevalence of Immune-Based Chronic Disease
Dietert, R. R., DeWitt, J. C., & Luebke, R. W. (2012) · Molecular and integrative toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-812-2_17 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Phenomenological Investigation of Trauma in 18 Adults Living With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Glynn, H., & Knowles, S. R. (2022) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738221075649 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Somatic diseases and suicidal behaviour
Stenager, E. N., Stenager, E., & Erlangsen, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chapman, B. J., & Jones, G. B. (2020) · EMJ Gastroenterology · doi:10.33590/emjgastroenterol/20-00180 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Letter: suicide risk among adult inflammatory bowel disease patients
Sánta, A., Szántó, K. J., Sarlós, P., Miheller, P., Farkas, K., & Molnár, T. (2020) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.15708 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Selvmordsrisiko hos personer med somatiske lidelser
Qin, P. (2017) · Suicidologi/Nytt i suicidologi · doi:10.5617/suicidologi.4680 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Hu, Y., Zheng, J., & Wu, Z. (2026) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s594782 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Improving quality in colon and rectal surgery through palliative care
Rivet, E. B., Sullivan, T. M., & Noreika, D. M. (2020) · Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.scrs.2020.100783 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Risk of Attempted Suicide Among Patients With IBD: A Nationwide Longitudinal Follow-up Study
Wang, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, H. E., Bai, Y., Tsai, S., Chen, T., & Chen, M. (2023) · Diseases of the Colon & Rectum · doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000002705 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Caracterización de un modelo de colitis en ratones knockout inducibles para adrenomedulina
Martínez-Herrero, S. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Falcão, L. T. D. M., & Martinelli, V. F. (2016) · GED. Gastrenterologia endoscopia digestiva · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Letter: suicide risk among adult inflammatory bowel disease patients. Authors' reply
Malham, M., Jakobsen, C., Pærregaard, A., Hald, M., Virta, L. J., Kolho, K., & Wewer, V. (2020) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.15733 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
FACULTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE ROUEN
François, A., Boyer, O., & Guerrot, D. (2015)
Abu‐Assi, R. (2014) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
dos Santos, C. H. M., Galindo, A. C. A., da Silva, B. A., Dantas, C. R., Guilherme, I. A. D. A., Gomes, J. E. B. N., Dallacqua, K. M., de Souza, M. P., & Senna, P. S. (2023) · Seven Editora eBooks · doi:10.56238/colleinternhealthscienv1-093
FACTORS RELATED TO ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
dos Santos, C. H. M., Galindo, A., da Silva, B. A., Dantas, C. R., Guilherme, I. A. D. A., Gomes, J. E. B. N., Dallacqua, K. M., de Souza, M. P., & Senna, P. (2023) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/23psd240204
Salud mental y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
Muñoz, T. M. (2025) · Diversitas · doi:10.15332/22563067.11084
- Authors
- Gradus, J. L., Qin, P., Lincoln, A. K., Miller, M., Lawler, E., Srensen, H. T., & Lash, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2158-2161
- ISSN
- 1078-0998 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068735025
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- inflammatory bowel disease, suicide mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Denmark, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Registries, Risk Factors, Suicide, Attempted, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
