Maternal perinatal mental health: Associations with bonding, mindfulness, and self‐criticism at 18 months’ postpartum
Abstract
The perinatal period is a time of significant transition for women, with changes in maternal mental health from pregnancy to 18 months’ postpartum. This study specifically analyzes maternal self‐criticism and mindfulness during pregnancy and at 18 months’ postpartum, and their associations with bonding. A longitudinal study (30 weeks’ gestation–18 months’ postpartum) assessed 32 mother–infant dyads, examining changes in maternal depression, anxiety, self‐criticism, and mindfulness. In addition, associations between maternal variables during pregnancy and bonding were investigated. Maternal depression and self‐criticism significantly increased from pregnancy to postpartum. Maternal anxiety, self‐criticism, and facets of mindfulness during pregnancy were also associated with mother–infant bonding at 18 months. Maternal mental health during pregnancy is subject to change postchildbirth. The lack of control and autonomy accompanying motherhood may result in an increase in self‐criticism during this period. Such feelings may elevate a woman's vulnerability to postpartum depression and have consequences for later maternal bonding. Early identification of at‐risk mothers is important to increase likelihood of positive outcomes.
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Maternal trait mindfulness facets measured during pregnancy have been associated with higher levels of bonding prenatally and 3-18 months postpartum.
“Regarding mindfulness, maternal trait mindfulness facets measured during pregnancy have been associated with higher levels of bonding as assessed prenatally (De Waal et al., 2024) and 3 -18 months postpartum (Brassel et al., 2020; McDonald et al., 2022).”
From Mindfulness, Self-compassion, and Psychological Wellbeing as Correlates of Paternal Bonding in Pregnancy. (2025) · cites this paper as Brassel et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Brassel, A., Townsend, M. L., Pickard, J. A., & Grenyer, B. F. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Grenyer, Brin F. S.
- Venue
- Infant Mental Health Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-09-05
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-81
- ISSN
- 0163-9641 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0355
- OpenAlex
- W2972176205
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Infant Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Keywords
- maternal mental health, perinatal mental health, mother-infant bonding, mindfulness, self-criticism, maternal depression, maternal anxiety, pregnancy, postpartum period, motherhood, mother-infant dyads
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Object Attachment, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Self-Assessment, Risk Assessment, Early Diagnosis, Mindfulness
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