Psychological factors predict local and referred experimental muscle pain: A cluster analysis in healthy adults
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Background: Recent studies suggest an underlying three‐ or four‐factor structure explains the conceptual overlap and distinctiveness of several negative emotionality and pain‐related constructs. However, the validity of these latent factors for predicting pain has not been examined. Methods: A cohort of 189 (99 female, 90 male) healthy volunteers completed eight self‐report negative emotionality and pain‐related measures (E ysenck P ersonality Q uestionnaire – R evised, P ositive and N egative A ffect S chedule, S tate‐T rait A nxiety I nventory, P ain C atastrophizing S cale, F ear of P ain Q uestionnaire; S omatosensory A mplification S cale, A nxiety S ensitivity I ndex and W hiteley I ndex). Using principal axis factoring, three primary latent factors were extracted: general distress, catastrophic thinking and pain‐related fear. Using these factors, individuals clustered into three subgroups of high, moderate and low negative emotionality responses. Experimental pain was induced via intramuscular acidic infusion into the anterior tibialis muscle, producing local (infusion site) and/or referred (anterior ankle) pain and hyperalgesia. Results: Pain outcomes differed between clusters (multivariate analysis of variance and multinomial regression), with individuals in the highest negative emotionality cluster reporting the greatest local pain (p = 0.05), mechanical hyperalgesia (pressure pain thresholds; p = 0.009) and greater odds (2.21 odds ratio) of experiencing referred pain when compared to the lowest negative emotionality cluster. Conclusion: Our results provide support for three latent psychological factors explaining the majority of the variance between several pain‐related psychological measures, and that individuals in the high negative emotionality subgroup are at increased risk for (1) acute local muscle pain; (2) local hyperalgesia; and (3) referred pain using a standardized nociceptive input.
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Self-citationTranskutane elektrische Nervenstimulation (TENS)
van Kerkhof, P. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63536-0_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Modalities and Dimensions of Interoception
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Transkutane elektrische Nervenstimulation (TENS)
van Kerkhof, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70732-6_3
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
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- Authors
- Lee, J. E., Watson, D., & Frey‐Law, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frey‐Law, L.A.
- Venue
- European Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-11-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 903-915
- ISSN
- 1090-3801 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2149
- PMC
- PMC3594074
- OpenAlex
- W2097700209
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K01AR056134)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD0055931, K12HD055931)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- negative affectivity, experimental muscle pain, referred pain, hyperalgesia, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, somatosensory amplification, psychological factors, clustering, pressure pain threshold, tibialis anterior, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Fear, Female, Humans, Hyperalgesia, Male, Pain Measurement, Cluster Analysis, Pain Threshold, Referred Pain, Young Adult, Catastrophization, Myalgia
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