Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Barnes, Laura L. B.; Harp, Diane; Jung, Woo Sik

doi:10.1177/0013164402062004005

Cited by 947Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesReliability and Agreement in Measurement

Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Barnes, Laura L. B., Harp, Diane, Jung, Woo Sik·2002·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/0013164402062004005

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Abstract

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.

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Barnes et al. (2002) found test-retest correlations ranging from 0.82 to 0.94 for trait anxiety and 0.34 to 0.96 for state anxiety.
“Problems with this style of assessment were shown in Barnes etal. (2002) reliability investigation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Gaudry etal., 1975), which found a test-retest correlation ranging from 0.82 to 0.94 for trait anxiety, and 0.34 to 0.96 for state anxiety.”
From Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory (2024) · cites this paper as Barnes et al., 2002

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“Reliability, construct validity, and utility for distress screening have been widely documented in general and oncology samples (Barnes et al. 2002; Spielberger 1983; Stark et al. 2002).”
Background
EFFECTS OF ANTENATAL YOGA ON MATERNAL ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Newham, J. J., Wittkowski, A., Hurley, J., Aplin, J., & Westwood, M. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22268 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“[39] The”
Gaze direction differentially affects avoidance tendencies to happy and angry faces in socially anxious individuals
Roelofs, K., Putman, P., Schouten, S., Lange, W.-G., Volman, I., & Rinck, M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.11.008 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The effects of modifying interpretation bias on worry in generalized anxiety disorder
Hayes, S., Hirsch, C. R., Krebs, G., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The effects of forest therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke
Chun, M. H., Chang, M. C., & Lee, S. (2016) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2016.1170015 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Reliability Generalization: Moving Toward Improved Understanding and Use of Score Reliability
Vacha‐Haase, T., Henson, R. K., & Caruso, J. C. (2002) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164402062004002 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Study Generic Reported Inducted Mention Barnes, Harp, and Jung (2002) : Spielberger”
Background
Dose response of isometric contractions on pain perception in healthy adults
HOEGER BEMENT, M. K., DICAPO, J., RASIARMOS, R., & HUNTER, S. K. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817eeecc · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Reliability generalization of responses by care providers to the Zarit Burden Interview
Bachner, Y. G., & O’Rourke, N. (2007) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860701529965 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“This phenomenon was also observed by Barnes et al. (2002).”
Alexithymia is associated with anxiety among adolescents
Karukivi, M., Hautala, L., Kaleva, O., Haapasalo‐Pesu, K., Liuksila, P., Joukamaa, M. I., & Saarijãrvi, S. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.126 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“The psychometrical properties of the STAI have been established as good (Spielberger, 1989; Barnes et al., 2002).”
Method
Is the OSCE more stressful? Examination anxiety and its consequences in different assessment methods in dental education
Brand, H. S., & Schoonheim‐Klein, M. (2009) · European Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0579.2008.00554.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Associations Between Postpartum Depression, Breastfeeding, and Oxytocin Levels in Latina Mothers
Lara-Cinisomo, S., McKenney, K. M., Florio, A. D., & Meltzer-Brody, S. (2017) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2016.0213 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“27 The STAI is a self-reported inventory of anxiety 28,29 that has been validated for use with perinatal women.”
A note on the score reliability for the Satisfaction With Life Scale: an RG study
Vassar, M. B. (2007) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9113-7 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Barnes et al. (2002) recently noted that paradigmatic disciplines, such as hard sciences, are less likely to justify and reestablish the quality of their instrumentation.”
Background
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale measures a continuum from well-being to depression: Testing two key predictions of positive clinical psychology
Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Taylor, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.015 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“89); excellent test–retest reliability at multiple time intervals (average r=.88; Barnes et al., 2002); adequate convergent validity with other measures”
Background
Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Taylor, J. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Coughlin, C., Mulqueen, J., Johnson, J. A., Gabriel, D., Reed, M. O., Jakubovski, E., & Bloch, M. H. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.194 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Failure to filter: Anxious individuals show inefficient gating of threat from working memory
Stout, D. M., Shackman, A. J., & Larson, C. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00058 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“89) and test-retest stability (r = 0.88; Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Does Glycemic Variability Impact Mood and Quality of Life?
Penckofer, S., Quinn, L., Byrn, M., Ferrans, C., Miller, M., & Strange, P. (2012) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0191 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Positive mood induction procedures for virtual environments designed for elderly people
Baños, R. M., Etchemendy, E., Castilla, D., García-Palacios, A., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2012) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2012.04.002 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“20) (Barnes et al., 2002) and internal consistency alpha coefficients (mean a = .”
BackgroundMethod
Measurement of anxious traits: a contemporary review and synthesis
Elwood, L. S., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., & Olatunji, B. O. (2011) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.582949 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Furthermore, reliability generalization findings revealed that the STAI-T demonstrated greater mean test-retest reliability scores across studies than the STAIS (.88 vs. .70 not statistically compared; Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Relationship of childhood adversity and neighborhood violence to a proinflammatory phenotype in emerging adult African American men: an epigenetic link
Janusek, L. W., Tell, D., Gaylord-Harden, N., & Mathews, H. L. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.006 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Efficacy of Smartphone Active and Passive Virtual Reality Distraction vs Standard Care on Burn Pain Among Pediatric Patients
Xiang, H., Shen, J., Wheeler, K. K., Patterson, J., Lever, K., Armstrong, M., Shi, J., Thakkar, R. K., Groner, J. I., Noffsinger, D. L., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12082 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Assessing maternal anxiety in pregnancy with the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): issues of validity, location and participation
Gunning, M., Denison, F. C., Stockley, C. J., Ho, S., Sandhu, H. K., & Reynolds, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646830903487300 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“The STAI is considered to be well validated in the general population with Barnes, Harp and Jung ( 2002 ) reporting data on 816 research articles utilising the STAI between 1990 and 2000.”
Method
The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans
Burger, A. M., Verkuil, B., Diest, I. V., van der Does, W. A. J., Thayer, J. F., & BROSSCHOT, J. F. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.05.007 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Testing a Model of Minority Identity Achievement, Identity Affirmation and Psychological Well-Being among Ethnic Minority and Sexual Minority Individuals
Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., Grant, S. K., & Wittig, M. A. (2011) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022532 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Trait Self-Compassion Reflects Emotional Flexibility Through an Association with High Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability
Svendsen, J. L., Osnes, B., Binder, P.-E., Dundas, I., Visted, E., Nordby, H., Schanche, E., & Sørensen, L. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0549-1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“The Trait scale of the STAI has shown excellent internal consistency (average α< .89) and test-retest reliability (average r= .88; Barnes et al. 2002).”
Background
An investigation of the efficacy of acceptance-based behavioral therapy for academic procrastination
Glick, D. M., & Orsillo, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000050 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Improving the reporting quality of reliability generalization meta‐analyses: The REGEMA checklist
Sánchez‐Meca, J., Marín‐Martínez, F., López-López, J. A., Núñez, R. M. N., Rubio‐Aparicio, M., García, J. J. L., Pina, J. A. L., Blázquez-Rincón, D., López‐Ibáñez, C., & López‐Nicolás, R. (2021) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1487 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gender differences in the association between psychopathic personality traits and cortisol response to induced stress
O’Leary, M. M., Loney, B. R., & Eckel, L. A. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“This is a well-established anxiety measure with strong psychometric properties (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
The role of self-esteem and anxiety in decision making for self versus others in relationships
Wray‐Lake, L., & Stone, E. R. (2005) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.490 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Surrender to God and stress: A possible link between religiosity and health.
Clements, A. D., & Ermakova, A. V. (2012) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0025109 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“The STAI demonstrates excellent internal consistency (average .89) and test–retest reliability (average r .88, Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
Efficacy of structured approach therapy in reducing PTSD in returning veterans: A randomized clinical trial.
Sautter, F. J., Glynn, S. M., Becker‐Cretu, J. J., Şentürk, D., & Vaught, A. S. (2015) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000032 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ameliorating intrusive memories of distressing experiences using computerized reappraisal training
Woud, M. L., Holmes, E. A., Postma, P., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024992 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Metaanálisis de comparación de grupos y metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad del cuestionario State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
Guillén‐Riquelme, A., & Buela‐Casal, G. (2014) · Revista Española de Salud Pública · doi:10.4321/s1135-57272014000100007 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Individual Differences in the Ability to Recognise Facial Identity Are Associated with Social Anxiety
Davis, J., McKone, E., Dennett, H. W., O’Connor, K. B., O’Kearney, R., & Palermo, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028800 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“96 [33].”
Stress-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Women
Christian, L. M., Glaser, R., Porter, K. M., & Iams, J. D. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31829bbc89 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“consistency and test-retest reliability (66).”
Multidimensional Perfectionism and Anxiety: Differences Among Individuals With Perfectionism and Tests of a Coping‐Mediation Model
Gnilka, P. B., Ashby, J. S., & Noble, C. M. (2012) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00054.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Effect of a Single Session of Short Duration Biofeedback-Induced Deep Breathing on Measures of Heart Rate Variability During Laboratory-Induced Cognitive Stress: A Pilot Study
Prinsloo, G. E., Derman, W. E., Lambert, M., & Rauch, L. (2013) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9210-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Validation of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory A and B in Arabic among the Lebanese population
Hallit, S. R., Haddad, C., Hallit, R. R., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., Haddad, G., Soufia, M., Khansa, W., Khoury, R., Kheir, N., et al. (2020) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.03.028 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Psychological Factors in Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: Relevance and Application of the Fear-Avoidance Model of Pain
Alappattu, M. J., & Bishop, M. D. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20100368 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Work Environment Stressors, Social Support, Anxiety, and Depression Among Secondary School Teachers
Mahan, P. L., Mahan, M. P., Park, N.-J., Shelton, C., Brown, K. C., & Weaver, M. T. (2010) · AAOHN Journal · doi:10.1177/216507991005800504 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Individual differences in computational psychiatry: A review of current challenges
Karvelis, P., Paulus, M. P., & Diaconescu, A. O. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105137 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“, 2008), anxiety (Maier et al., 1988; Barnes et al., 2002), and depression (Davidson et al.”
Self‐esteem and emotional health in adolescents – gender and age as potential moderators
MOKSNES, U. K., & ESPNES, G. A. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12021 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Psychopathology in young adults born at extremely low birth weight
Boyle, M. H., Miskovic, V., Lieshout, R. J. V., Duncan, L., Schmidt, L. A., Hoult, L., Paneth, N., & Saigal, S. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710002357 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The STAI has a long history of use in psychological research (Barnes et al. 2002).”
Background
Children and terrorism-related news: Training parents in coping and media literacy.
Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Beidas, R. S., Weiner, C. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.4.568 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Assessing a five factor model of PTSD: Is dysphoric arousal a unique PTSD construct showing differential relationships with anxiety and depression?
Armour, C., Elhai, J. D., Richardson, J. D., Ractliffe, K. C., Wang, L., & Elklit, A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Breastfeeding duration and postpartum psychological adjustment: Role of maternal attachment styles
Akman, İ., Kuşçu, M. K., Yurdakul, Z., Özdemir, N., Solakoğlu, M. ̇., Orhon, L., Karabekiroğlu, A., & Özek, E. (2008) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01336.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for youth with anxiety disorders at risk for bipolar disorder: a pilot trial
Cotton, S., Luberto, C. M., Sears, R. W., Strawn, J. R., Stahl, L., Wasson, R. S., Blom, T. J., & Delbello, M. P. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12216 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Children’s Cognitive Performance and Selective Attention Following Recent Community Violence
McCoy, D. C., Raver, C. C., & Sharkey, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146514567576 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Validity study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Portuguese version) by the Rasch Rating Scale model
Quintão, S., Delgado, A. R., & Prieto, G. (2013) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722013000200010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
State anxiety biases estimates of uncertainty and impairs reward learning in volatile environments
Hein, T. P., de Fockert, J., & Ruiz, M. H. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117424 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The effects of trait and state anxiety on attention to emotional images: An eye-tracking study
Quigley, L., Nelson, A. L., Carriere, J. S. A., Smilek, D., & Purdon, C. L. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.662892 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The STAI demonstrates good internal consistency and test–retest reliability (Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002 ).”
Background
Body awareness: differentiating between sensitivity to and monitoring of bodily signals
Ginzburg, K., Tsur, N., Barak-Nahum, A., & Defrin, R. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9514-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“, 2009), and full version (a = 0.89; Barnes et al., 2002).”
Influential
Maternal Prenatal Mental Health and Placental 11β-HSD2 Gene Expression: Initial Findings from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study
Seth, S., Lewis, A. J., Saffery, R., Lappas, M., & Galbally, M. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms161126034 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“91 [59] and considerable evidence attests to the construct and concurrent validity of the scale [59].”
Background
Consequences of COVID-19 Confinement on Anxiety, Sleep and Executive Functions of Children and Adolescents in Spain
Lavigne-Cerván, R., Costa-López, B., Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, R., Real-Fernández, M., Sánchez-Muñoz de León, M., & Navarro-Soria, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565516 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sense of coherence and emotional health in adolescents
Moksnes, U. K., Espnes, G. A., & Lillefjell, M. (2011) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.013 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“However, a study by Barnes et al. (2002) showed test-retest of 0.70.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Relationships Among Parental Anxiety, Parenting, and Children’s Anxiety: The Mediating Effects of Children’s Cognitive Vulnerabilities
Pereira, A. I., Barros, L., Mendonça, D. M., & Muris, P. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9767-5 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“The STAI has demonstrated good internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity (e.g., Barnes et al. 2002; Spielberger et al. 1980).”
Background
The association between anxiety and cardiac interoceptive accuracy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Adams, K. L., Edwards, A., Peart, C., Ellett, L., Mendes, I., Bird, G., & Murphy, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104754 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Circadian Phase Preference in College Students: Relationships With Psychological Functioning and Academics
Taylor, D. J., Clay, K. C., Bramoweth, A. D., Sethi, K., & Roane, B. M. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.580870 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“The internal consistency of the Trait scale ranged from 0.72 to 0.96, and the test-retest reliability ranged from 0.82 to 0.94 (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Influential
Rapid Emotion Regulation After Mood Induction: Age and Individual Differences
Larcom, M. J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp077 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The relationship between self-awareness of neurobehavioral symptoms, cognitive functioning, and emotional symptoms in multiple sclerosis
Goverover, Y., Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1153oa · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Meta‐Analysis of Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Generalization Study
Greco, L., O’Boyle, E. H., Cockburn, B. S., & Yuan, Z. (2017) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12328 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Logging On: Evaluating an Online Support Group for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Clifford, T., & Minnes, P. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1714-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In previous research, inter-item reliability for both the trait subscale (ranging from a = .72 to a = .96) and state subscale (ranging from a = .65 to a = .96) was quite good (Barnes et al. 2002).”
Background
Oxytocin receptor gene and depressive symptoms associated with physiological reactivity to infant crying
Riem, M. M. E., Pieper, S., Out, D., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq035 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“70, respectively) and high internal consistency ( > 0.89; Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Upper Extremity Neural Mobilization on Thermal Pain Sensitivity: A Sham-Controlled Study in Asymptomatic Participants
Beneciuk, J. M., Bishop, M. D., & George, S. Z. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2954 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Adapted MBCT on Core Symptoms and Executive Functioning in Adults With ADHD: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Hepark, S., Janssen, L., de Vries, A., Schoenberg, P. L. A., Donders, R., Kan, C. C., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715613587 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Test–retest reliability was most stable for trait anxiety with Pearson’s r ranging from .82 to .94, compared with values between .34 and .96 for state anxiety (Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002).”
Internet based patient education improves informed consent for elective orthopaedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Fraval, A., Chandrananth, J., Chong, Y. M., Tran, P., & Coventry, L. S. (2015) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0466-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Index, which is a validated survey to assess a patient’s level of anxiety, in this case in relation to their planned surgery [12].”
Method
Psychometric Evaluation and Experimental Validation of the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale
Papousek, I., Ruggeri, K., Macher, D., Paechter, M., Heene, M., Weiss, E. M., Schulter, G., & Freudenthaler, H. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.627959 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“High internal consistency reliability was confirmed in multiple studies (average αs > .91), which also showed lower test–retest coefficients than for the trait scale of the STAI (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
The Family Functioning of Female Pathological Gamblers
Dowling, N. A., Smith, D. I., & Thomas, T. (2007) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-007-9126-0 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“For example, there is evidence that the state form of the STAI exhibits sound internal consistency (α=0.91 across 52 published studies; Barnes et al. 2002 ), test–retest coefficients (r=0.88; Barnes et al. 2002), content validity (Okun et al. 1996), and factorial validity (Oei et al. 1990).”
BackgroundInfluential
Anxiety and Depression in Cystic Fibrosis
Cruz, I., Marciel, K. K., Quittner, A. L., & Schechter, M. S. (2009) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1238915 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Score Reliability: A Retrospective Look Back at 12 Years of Reliability Generalization Studies
Vacha‐Haase, T., & Thompson, B. (2011) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175611409845 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Eating disorder pathology and compulsive exercise during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 public health emergency: Examining risk associated with <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty
Scharmer, C., Martinez, K., Gorrell, S., Reilly, E. E., Donahue, J. M., & Anderson, D. A. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23395 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Attention training to reduce attention bias and social stressor reactivity: An attempt to replicate and extend previous findings
Julian, K., Beard, C., Schmidt, N. B., Powers, M. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.015 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Validity and reliability of the Farsi version of Wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire: an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis
Mortazavi, F. (2017) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/4606 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety in Healthcare Professions Students
Macauley, K., Plummer, L. S., Bemis, C., Brock, G., Larson, C., & Spangler, J. (2018) · Health Professions Education · doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2018.01.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“13,14,25,28,31 Test-retest reliability was assessed in college students; the results yielded a Pearson's r ¼ 0.73 − 0.86 for trait anxiety and r ¼ 0.16 − 0.54 for state anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Measuring Attentional Control Ability or Beliefs? Evaluation of the Factor Structure and Convergent Validity of the Attentional Control Scale
Quigley, L., Wright, C. A., Dobson, K. S., & Sears, C. R. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9617-7 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Both the trait and state anxiety scales have demonstrated high levels of internal reliability (α > .89; Barnes et al. 2002).”
Background
The Relationships of Self-Esteem, Future Time Perspective, Positive Affect, Social Support, and Career Decision: A Longitudinal Multilevel Study
Park, I., Kim, M., Kwon, S., & Lee, H.-G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00514 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Unlike trait anxiety, state anxiety may fluctuate depending on the situation and is a function of the stressors (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
Anxiety sensitivity, its stability and longitudinal association with severity of anxiety symptoms
Hovenkamp-Hermelink, J. H. M., van der Veen, D. C., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Batelaan, N. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Jeronimus, B. F., Schoevers, R. A., & Riese, H. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39931-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT BARNES ET AL. RELIABILITY GENERALIZATION OF SCORES ON THE SPIELBERGER STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY
Barnes, L. L. B., & Harp, D. (2016)
Self-citation
Metaanálisis de comparación de grupos y metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad del cuestionario State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
Guillén‐Riquelme, A., & Buela‐Casal, G. (2014) · Revista Española de Salud Pública · doi:10.4321/s1135-57272014000100007 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Reliability of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Nixon, G. F., & Steffeck, J. C. (1977) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1977.40.2.357 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Test-Retest Reliabilities of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in an Academic Setting
Joesting, J. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.37.1.270 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in Serbian university student and psychiatric non-psychotic outpatient populations
Stojanović, N. M., Randjelović, P. J., Nikolić, G., Stojiljković, N. I., Ilić, S., Stoiljković, B., & Radulović, N. S. (2019) · AFMN Biomedicine · doi:10.5937/afmnai37-25011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Authors: Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S.
Affiliations: Oklahoma State University (US)
Tulsa Community College (US)
Bluffton University (US)
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 603-618
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164402062004005
OpenAlex: W2171256147
Cited by: 947
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, reliability generalization, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, anxiety assessment, score variability, research reporting practices

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Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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