Cited by 1,072Sperm and Testicular FunctionReproductive biology and impacts on aquatic speciesMale Reproductive Health Studies

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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EVENSON, DONALD P., LARSON, KJERSTEN L., JOST, LORNA K.·2002·Journal of Andrology

DOI 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x

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Abstract

The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) was first described in the December 5, 1980 issue of Science (Evenson et al, 1980a).The data described in that article showed a significant difference between proven fertile and subfertility or infertility in men and bulls and the susceptibility to denaturation of their sperm nuclear DNA.A subsequent study (Evenson et al, 1984) described SCSA data obtained from men with testicular cancer.The data were heterogeneous, and begged the question, what was SCSA measuring?Great effort has been spent over the past 15 years on animal model systems, mostly related to dose-response toxicology experiments and large animal fertility trials.The results from these studies showed that SCSA was highly dose-responsive to toxicants, highly repeatable, and provided meaningful biological information on sperm nuclear DNA defects.The extensive data from nonhumans (Evenson et al, 1985(Evenson et al, , 1986(Evenson et al, , 1989a(Evenson et al, ,b, 1993a(Evenson et al, ,b,c, 1994(Evenson et al, , 1995b;; Ballachey et

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Fertilization and pregnancy after assisted oocyte activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a case of round-headed sperm associated with deficient oocyte activation capacity
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BackgroundMethod
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“Chromatin stability was assessed following the SCSA® based on the susceptibility of sperm DNA to acid-induced denaturation in situ and on the subsequent staining with the metachromatic fluorescent dye acridine orange (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Method
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Background
Intégrité de l'ADN des spermatozoïdes comme élément diagnostique et pronostique de la fertilité masculine
Sergerie, M., Bleau, G., Teulé, R., Daudin, M., & Bujan, L. (2005) · doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.02.012 · Cited by 19
Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) Assay
Fernández, J., Johnston, S., & Gosálvez, J. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71815-6_8 · Cited by 19
The relationship of plasma antioxidant levels to semen parameters: the Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial
Knudtson, J., Sun, F.-B., Coward, R., Hansen, K., Barnhart, K., Smith, J. F., Legro, R., Diamond, M., Krawetz, S., Zhang, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-021-02301-2 · Cited by 18
“A separate aliquot of semen was stored frozen and then also shipped to the University of Utah for analysis of DNA fragmentation by the sperm chromatin structure analysis (SCSA) test [16].”
Method
Naringenin; a bioflavonoid, impairs the reproductive potential of male mice
Ranawat, P., & Bakshi, N. (2017) · Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods · doi:10.1080/15376516.2017.1296048 · Cited by 20
“Such studies of assessing fertility using acridine orange staining are earlier conducted by (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
Morphometric comparison by the ISAS® CASA-DNAf system of two techniques for the evaluation of DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa
Sadeghi, S., García-Molina, A., Celma, F., Valverde, A., Fereidounfar, S., & Soler, C. (2016) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.186875 · Cited by 18
Testicular function among testicular cancer survivors treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy
Namekawa, T., Imamoto, T., Kato, M., Sazuka, T., Fuse, M., Sakamoto, S., Kawamura, K., & Ichikawa, T. (2016) · Reproductive Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/s12522-015-0232-6 · Cited by 18
“Sperm DNA and chromatin integrity affect the outcome of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) [24].”
Background
Environmental hexachlorobenzene exposure and human male reproductive function
Specht, I. O., Bonde, J. P., Toft, G. V., Giwercman, A., Spanò, M., Bizzaro, D., Manicardi, G. C., Jönsson, B., & Robbins, W. A. (2015) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.07.074 · Cited by 19
Sperm chromatin structure assay results in Nigerian men with unexplained infertility
Faduola, P., & Kolade, C. O. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.5653/cerm.2015.42.3.101 · Cited by 18
“The SCSA is the only one of these assays with clinically standardized cut-off values for predicting male fertility potential [19,20].”
Background
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Premature Ejaculation: Review of Erectile and Ejaculatory Side Effects
Lasker, G. F., Halis, F., & Gökçe, A. (2014) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/1574886309666140120095846 · Cited by 17
Semen Levels of Spermatid-Specific Thioredoxin-3 Correlate with Pregnancy Rates in ART Couples
Buckman, C., Ozanon, C., Qiu, J., Sutovsky, M., Carafa, J. A., Rawe, V. Y., Manandhar, G., Miranda‐Vizuete, A., & Šutovský, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061000 · Cited by 22
“Sperm parameters can be measured in specialized laboratories by the DNA-integrity based assays such as SCSA [1], Comet [2] and TUNEL [3], but the value of such exploration is uncertain for the moment [4].”
Non-Invasive Sperm Selection for In Vitro Fertilization
Agarwal, A., Borges, E., & Setti, A. (2015) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1411-1 · Cited by 18
Thoughts on IMSI
Palermo, G., Hu, J. C. Y., Rienzi, L., Maggiulli, R., Takeuchi, T., Yoshida, A., Tanaka, A., Kusunoki, H., Watanabe, S., Neri, Q., et al. (2011) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8456-2_20 · Cited by 18
Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility: Tests, Mechanisms, Meaning and Sperm Population to Be Tested
Conti, D., Calamai, C., & Muratori, M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13175309 · Cited by 17
“Such theory was first proposed by Evenson in the early 2000s to explain why sDF percentages higher than the 30% threshold blunted natural conception, albeit with the remaining 70% of spermatozoa with apparently intact DNA [77].”
BackgroundMethod
Post-Thaw Sperm Quality and Functionality in the Autochthonous Pig Breed Gochu Asturcelta
Caamaño, J. N., Tamargo, C., Parrilla, I., Martínez-Pastor, F., Padilla, L., Salman, A., Fueyo, C., Fernández, Á., Merino, M., Iglesias, T., et al. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11071885 · Cited by 17
“Sperm chromatin assessment is a critical element of sperm evaluation due to its impact on sperm fertility and offspring health [55,56].”
Background
Adding bovine seminal plasma prior to freezing improves post-thaw bull sperm kinematics but decreases mitochondrial activity
Nongbua, T., Al-Essawe, E., Edman, A., Johannisson, A., & Morrell, J. (2018) · Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1080/19396368.2018.1455245 · Cited by 17
“Sperm chromatin integrity was evaluated according to Evenson et al. (2002) with slight modifications (Goodla et al., 2014).”
Method
Evaluating γH2AX in spermatozoa from male infertility patients
Zhong, H., Lv, F.-T., Deng, X.-L., Hu, Y., Dan-ni, X., Bin, L., Mo, Z., & Lin, F. (2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.004 · Cited by 18
Influence of the Temperature and the Genotype of the HSP90AA1 Gene over Sperm Chromatin Stability in Manchega Rams
Ramón, M., Salces-Ortiz, J., González, C., Pérez-guzmán, M., Garde, J. J., García-Álvarez, O., Maroto-Morales, A., Calvo, J., & Serrano, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086107 · Cited by 17
“the level of denatured DNA over the total DNA [64].”
Background
Sperm DNA fragmentation and morphological degeneration in chilled elephant (Elephas maximusandLoxodonta Africana) semen collected by transrectal massage
O’Brien, J. K., Steinman, K. J., Montano, G. A., Love, C. C., & Robeck, T. R. (2013) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00080.x · Cited by 18
“After 24 h of chilled storage, an aliquot of diluted semen ( 55 lL) was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and retrospectively analysed for the susceptibility of spermatozoa to DNA denaturation using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA, reviewed by Evenson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Sperm macrocephaly syndrome in a patient without AURKC mutations and with a history of recurrent miscarriage.
Molinari, E., Mirabelli, M., Raimondo, S., Brussino, A., Gennarelli, G., Bongioanni, F., & Revelli, A. (2013) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.11.004 · Cited by 17
“DNA damage was measured by SCSA following the criteria established by Evenson et al. (2002).”
Relationship among damaged chromatin, motility and viability in cryopreserved spermatozoa from Brahman bulls
Nava-Trujillo, H., Quintero-Moreno, A., Finol-Parra, G., Carruyo, G., Vilchez-Siu, V., Osorio-Meléndez, C., Rubio-Guillén, J., & Valeris-Chacin, R. (2011) · Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias · doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.324652 · Cited by 17
“These bonds protect the genetic material from stressing agents such as reactive oxygen species and high temperatures during the transit through the male and female reproductive tract (Evenson et al., 2002; Kosower et al., 1992; Oliva, 2006; Zini et al., 2001).”
Background
Early pre-pubertal exposure to low-dose oral di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate does not affect sperm plasma membrane stability, acrosomal integrity or chromatin structure in the post-pubertal boar.
Spjuth, L., Johannisson, A., Lundeheim, N., & Rodríguez-Martínez, H. (2007) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.051 · Cited by 17
Effects of PCB99 and PCB153 exposure on spermatogenesis in young adult C57BL6 mice.
Oskam, I., Ropstad, E., Smith, A. J., Skaare, J., Tverdal, A., Berg, K. A., & Wiger, R. (2004) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.07.005 · Cited by 17
Evidence of modified nuclear protein matrix in human spermatozoa with fragmented deoxyribonucleic acid.
Santiso, R., Muriel, L., Goyanes, V., Segrelles, E., Gosálvez, J., & Fernández, J. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.055 · Cited by 17
The Assessment of Sperm DNA Integrity: Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Outcomes across Livestock Species
Robertson, M. J., Chambers, C., Spanner, E. A., de Graaf, S., & Rickard, J. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13070539 · Cited by 16
“This is achieved by exposing the spermatozoa to an acid–detergent solution, prompting DNA denaturation at the sites of SSBs or DSBs [122].”
Background
Associations between Sperm Epigenetic Age and Semen Parameters: An Evaluation of Clinical and Non-Clinical Cohorts
Sawant, S., Oluwayiose, O. A., Nowak, K., Maxwell, D. L., Houle, E., Paskavitz, A. L., Saddiki, H., Bertolla, R. P., & Pilsner, J. R. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46020101 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, DNA integrity parameters such as DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and high DNA stainability (HDS) were measured using the sperm chromatin structural assay (SCSA) [26].”
Method
Testosterone Serum Levels Are Related to Sperm DNA Fragmentation Index Reduction after FSH Administration in Males with Idiopathic Infertility
Lispi, M., Drakopoulos, P., Spaggiari, G., Caprio, F., Colacurci, N., Simoni, M., & Santi, D. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102599 · Cited by 16
Fetal-Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol-A Affects Quality of Spermatozoa in Adulthood Mouse
Chioccarelli, T., Manfrevola, F., Migliaccio, M., Altucci, L., Porreca, V., Fasano, S., & Cobellis, G. (2020) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2020/2750501 · Cited by 16
“, TDS, calculated as red fluorescing [FL3H > 10(3)]/green fluorescing (FL1-H > 10(3)) DNA), respectively [5, 29, 31, 32].”
Method
Sperm cellular and nuclear dynamics associated with bull fertility.
Kutchy, N. A., Menezes, E., Ugur, M. R., Ul-Husna, A., Eldebaky, H., Evans, H., Beaty, E., Santos, F., Tan, W.-H., Wills, R., et al. (2019) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106203 · Cited by 16
Use of Annexin V based Sperm Selection in Assisted Reproduction
Teijeiro, J. M., Jose, M. M., Maria, C. A., Zumoffen, C., & Estela, M. P. (2017) · Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.4172/2167-0250.1000182 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, when DNA fragmentation in basal semen exceeds 30%, ICSI should be the method of choice [23-25].”
Method
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of sperm chromatin structure and DNA stability
Oldenhof, H., Schütze, S., Wolkers, W., & Sieme, H. (2016) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12166 · Cited by 16
“Sperm chromatin structure assay The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) was used to evaluate DNA integrity and stability (Evenson et al., 1980, 2002).”
Method
The tolerance of feline corpus and cauda spermatozoa to cryostress.
Kunkitti, P., Bergqvist, A., Sjunnesson, Y., Johannisson, A., & Axnér, E. (2016) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.032 · Cited by 16
“The technique is based on the hypothesis that structurally abnormal sperm chromatin is more susceptible to denaturation [14].”
Method
Use of density centrifugation for delayed cryopreservation of stallion sperm: perform sperm selection directly after collection or after storage?
Heutelbeck, A., Oldenhof, H., Rohn, K., Martinsson, G., Morrell, J., & Sieme, H. (2015) · Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · doi:10.1111/rda.12451 · Cited by 16
Is the fertility treatment itself a risk factor for early pregnancy loss?
Torrealday, S. (2014) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000064 · Cited by 4
Effect of a pre-freezing treatment with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins on boar sperm longevity, capacitation dynamics, ability to adhere to porcine oviductal epithelial cells in vitro and DNA fragmentation dynamics.
Tomás, C., Blanch, E., Fazeli, A., & Mocé, E. (2013) · Reproduction, Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd12079 · Cited by 16
“Given that sperm nuclear fragmentation and degeneration negatively affect male fertility (Evenson et al. 2002), we also studied how treatment with CLC affected DNA fragmentation dynamics by incubating the samples for 24 h in capacitating conditions in an attempt to partially mimic the conditions…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Sperm chromatin in beef bulls in tropical environments.
D'Occhio, M., Hengstberger, K., Tutt, D., Holroyd, R., Fordyce, G., Boe-Hansen, G., & Johnston, S. (2013) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.01.012 · Cited by 16
Effect of Multiple Freezing of Stallion Semen on Sperm Quality and Fertility
Sielhorst, J., Hagen, C., Behrendt, D., Schuette, B., Burger, D., Martinsson, G., & Sieme, H. (2008) · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.014 · Cited by 16
Selecting cryopreserved semen for assisted reproductive techniques based on the level of sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation resulted in pregnancy.
Alvarez, J., Ollero, M., Larson-Cook, K. L., & Evenson, D. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.11.010 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Man and the workplace:: Assessing his reproductive health
Schrader, S. (2003) · doi:10.1016/s1074-9098(03)00089-3 · Cited by 16
Sperm sex-sorting and preservation for managing the sex ratio and genetic diversity of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum).
O'Brien, J. K., Roth, T. L., Stoops, M., Ball, R., Steinman, K., Montano, G., Love, C., & Robeck, T. (2015) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.016 · Cited by 16
Association between sperm DNA fragmentation index and recurrent pregnancy loss: results from 1485 participants undergoing fertility evaluation
Yao, G., Dou, X., Chen, X., Qi, H., Chen, J., Wu, P., Li, J., Liang, S., Han, Z., Bai, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1493186 · Cited by 12
Unraveling the Impact of Sperm DNA Fragmentation on Reproductive Outcomes
Nielsen, J. L., Majzoub, A., Esteves, S., & Humaidan, P. (2023) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777324 · Cited by 15
Clinical parameters associated with altered sperm DNA fragmentation index among primary infertile men: Findings from a real‐life cross‐sectional study
Pozzi, E., Fallara, G., Belladelli, F., Corsini, C., Raffo, M., Candela, L., Schifano, N., d'Arma, A., Capogrosso, P., Boeri, L., et al. (2023) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13380 · Cited by 15
“23,24 Altered SDF was defined with a threshold of greater than 30%.”
Background
Sperm DNA fragmentation negatively influences the cumulative live birth rate in the intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles of couples with unexplained infertility
Repalle, D., Saritha, K. V., & Bhandari, S. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.5653/cerm.2021.05169 · Cited by 15
“A total of 145 ICSI cycles (one ICSI cycle per couple) were divided into two groups based on SDF rates: a low DNA fragmentation group (SDF ≤ 30%, n = 97) and a high DNA fragmentation group (SDF > 30%, n = 48) [7,18-21].”
Method
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine, and associations with sperm DNA fragmentation
Axelsson, J., Lindh, C. H., & Giwercman, A. (2022) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13170 · Cited by 17
Negative Impact of Elevated DNA Fragmentation and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Presence in Sperm on the Outcome of Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI)
Depuydt, C., Donders, G. G. G., Verstraete, L., Beert, J., Salembier, G. M., Bosmans, E., Dhont, N., Kerkhofs, C., & Ombelet, W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040717 · Cited by 17
“The flow cytometric SCSA, performed following the procedure, described previously [37], measures the percentage of sperm with fragmented DNA (DNA fragmentation index; DFI) as well as the percentage of sperm with high DNA stainability (HDS).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Comparative evaluation of DNA integrity using sperm chromatin structure assay and Sperm-Ovis-Halomax during in vitro capacitation of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa.
Peris-Frau, P., Álvarez-Rodríguez, M., Martín-Maestro, A., Iniesta-Cuerda, M., Sánchez-Ajofrín, I., Garde, J., Rodríguez-Martínez, H., & Soler, A. (2019) · Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · doi:10.1111/rda.13519 · Cited by 15
Comparison of DNA fragmentation of frozen-thawed epididymal sperm of dogs using Sperm Chromatin Structure Analysis and Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test.
Ortiz, I., Urbano, M., Dorado, J., Morrell, J., Al-Essawe, E., Johannisson, A., & Hidalgo, M. (2017) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.10.007 · Cited by 15
“Further calculations of SCSA parameters, namely percentage DNA fragmentation index (%DFI) and the mean (± s.d.) DFI (Evenson et al., 2002), were performed using FCS Express (Express Flow Cytometry Data Analysis) Version 2 (De Novo Software, Thornhill, Canada).”
Method
Non-linear association between androgen receptor CAG and GGN repeat lengths and reproductive parameters in fertile European and Inuit men.
Brokken, L., Rylander, L., Jönsson, B. A., Spanô, M., Pedersen, H., Ludwicki, J., Zviezdai, V., Bizzaro, D., Manicardi, G., Toft, G., et al. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.005 · Cited by 15
Chromosomal aberrations, Yq microdeletion, and sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men opting for assisted reproduction
Shamsi, M. B., Kumar, R., Malhotra, N., Singh, N., Mittal, S., Upadhyay, A., & Dada, R. (2012) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.22072 · Cited by 15
“…as a promising assay for diagnostic purposes (Aitken and De Iuliis, 2007; Evenson et al., 2007; Aitken et al., 2010; Barratt et al., 2010; Simon et al., 2011), is predictive of pregnancy, and is reproducible (Zini et al., 2001; Evenson et al., 2002; Loft et al., 2003; Tvrd a et al., 2011).”
Background
Studies on the viability and membrane integrity of human spermatozoa treated with essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill fruit
Paul, S., & Kang, S. (2012) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01148.x · Cited by 15
“Keeping this in view along with another finding (Evenson et al., 2002), it was found that a natural pregnancy is not possible when ‡30% of the spermatozoa have damaged DNA.”
Background
Simultaneous observation of DNA fragmentation and protein loss in the boar spermatozoon following application of the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test.
de la Torre, J. C., López-Fernández, C., Pita, M., Fernández, J., Johnston, S., & Gosálvez, J. (2007) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.002246 · Cited by 15
Sperm Survival: Relationship to Age-Related Sperm DNA Integrity in Infertile Men
Moskovtsev, S. I., Willis, J., White, J., & Mullen, J. B. M. (2007) · Archives of Andrology · doi:10.1080/01485010600908330 · Cited by 18
“Age showed a significant (p 0.05) positive correlation with DFI (r ¼ 0.42) and negative correlation with sperm concentration (r ¼ 0.37), vitality (r ¼ 0.37), as well as MSI at both 6 h (r ¼ 0.39) and 24 h (r ¼ 0.28), and VSI at both 6 h (r ¼ 0.34) and 24 h (r ¼ 0.31).”
BackgroundInfluential
Blastocyst formation--good indicator of clinical results after ICSI with testicular spermatozoa.
Virant-Klun, I., Tomazevic, T., Zorn, B., Bacer-Kermavner, L., Mivšek, J., & Meden-Vrtovec, H. (2003) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deg221 · Cited by 15
“, 2001) and fragmentation (Tesarik et al., 2001; Evenson et al., 2002), as well as to centrosome anomalies (Hewitson et al.”
Background
The Association between Long-Term DDT or DDE Exposures and an Altered Sperm Epigenome—a Cross-Sectional Study of Greenlandic Inuit and South African VhaVenda Men
Lismer, A., Shao, X., Dumargne, M.-C., Lafleur, C., Lambrot, R., Chan, D., Toft, G. V., Bonde, J. P., MacFarlane, A. J., Bornman, R., et al. (2024) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp12013 · Cited by 28
Sperm as a Carrier of Genome Instability in Relation to Paternal Lifestyle and Nutritional Conditions
Punjabi, U., Goovaerts, I., Peeters, K., Mulders, H. V., & Neubourg, D. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153155 · Cited by 14
Best laboratory practices and therapeutic interventions to reduce sperm DNA damage
Martinez, M. P., & Majzoub, A. A. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13736 · Cited by 13
Effects of season and single layer centrifugation on bull sperm quality in Thailand
Nongbua, T., Utta, A., Am-in, N., Suwimonteerabutr, J., Johannisson, A., & Morrell, J. (2019) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.19.0624 · Cited by 14
“Sperm chromatin integrity was evaluated according to the method of Evenson [25] with slight adaptations [14].”
Method
Sperm DNA assays and their relationship to sperm motility and morphology in bulls (Bos Taurus).
Serafini, R., Romano, J., Varner, D., Palo, R. D., & Love, C. (2015) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.05.015 · Cited by 14
Meiotic segregation and sperm DNA fragmentation in Tunisian men with dysplasia of the fibrous sheath (DFS) associated with head abnormalities
Ghédir, H., Mehri, A., Mehdi, M., Brahem, S., Saad, A., & Ibala-Romdhane, S. (2014) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-014-0290-4 · Cited by 14
“The chances of conception decrease drastically when DNA fragmentation index (DFI) is >30 % [40].”
Background
Effect of Osmolarity and Density of Colloid Formulations on the Outcome of SLC-Selection of Stallion Spermatozoa
Morrell, J., Johannisson, A., & Rodríguez-Martínez, H. (2011) · ISRN Veterinary Science · doi:10.5402/2011/128984 · Cited by 14
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND NITRIC OXIDE CONCENTRATION IN SEMINAL PLASMA WITH SPERM DNA DAMAGE
Sheikh, N., Amiri, I., Najafi, R., & Goodarzi, M. (2010) · doi:10.5897/ajb10.429 · Cited by 14
“Also, a higher spontaneous abortion rate was reported when more than 30% of sperms contain fragmented DNA (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
Effects of airport screening X-irradiation on bovine sperm chromatin integrity and embryo development.
Hendricks, K., Penfold, L., Evenson, D., Kaproth, M., & Hansen, P. (2010) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.009 · Cited by 14
“Each of these values indicates the extent of abnormal chromatin structure, with a higher number indicative of increased DNA fragmentation [20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Assessing sperm DNA fragmentation in the field: an adaptation of sperm chromatin dispersion technology
Gosálvez, J., Gosálbez, A., Arroyo, F., Fernández, J., & López-Fernández, C. (2008) · Biotechnic & Histochemistry · doi:10.1080/10520290802533528 · Cited by 14
“…to analyze DNA status in a highly compact DNA molecule are difficult to implement even in the laboratory, because they depend on flow cytometry (Evenson et al. 2002), electrophoresis (Aravindan et al. 1997) or DNA labeling using enzymatic reactions (Gorczyca et al. 1993, Enciso et al. 2006)…”
Method
Should cryopreserved epididymal or testicular sperm be recovered from obstructive azoospermic men for ICSI?
Griffiths, M., Kennedy, C. R., Rai, J., Wilson, L., Blacklock, A., & Keay, S. (2004) · BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00411.x · Cited by 14
Reproductive health and the environment
Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Hens, L., & Howard, C. (2007) · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4829-7 · Cited by 14

Authors: EVENSON, D. P., LARSON, K. L., & JOST, L. K.
Affiliations: South Dakota State University (US)
Corresponding author: EVENSON, DONALD P.
ORCID: EVENSON, DONALD P.
Venue: Journal of Andrology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-01-02
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-43
ISSN: 0196-3635 (ISSN-L)
1939-4640
DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x
OpenAlex: W1532901402
Cited by: 1,072
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 38.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4018 d)
Locations: Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9452894, 9720642)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Male Reproductive Health Studies
Keywords: sperm chromatin structure assay, sperm DNA fragmentation, male infertility, testicular cancer
MeSH terms: Chromatin, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male, Spermatozoa, DNA Fragmentation

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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