Cited by 1,072Sperm and Testicular FunctionReproductive biology and impacts on aquatic speciesMale Reproductive Health Studies

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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EVENSON, DONALD P., LARSON, KJERSTEN L., JOST, LORNA K.·2002·Journal of Andrology

DOI 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x

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Abstract

The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) was first described in the December 5, 1980 issue of Science (Evenson et al, 1980a).The data described in that article showed a significant difference between proven fertile and subfertility or infertility in men and bulls and the susceptibility to denaturation of their sperm nuclear DNA.A subsequent study (Evenson et al, 1984) described SCSA data obtained from men with testicular cancer.The data were heterogeneous, and begged the question, what was SCSA measuring?Great effort has been spent over the past 15 years on animal model systems, mostly related to dose-response toxicology experiments and large animal fertility trials.The results from these studies showed that SCSA was highly dose-responsive to toxicants, highly repeatable, and provided meaningful biological information on sperm nuclear DNA defects.The extensive data from nonhumans (Evenson et al, 1985(Evenson et al, , 1986(Evenson et al, , 1989a(Evenson et al, ,b, 1993a(Evenson et al, ,b,c, 1994(Evenson et al, , 1995b;; Ballachey et

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Fertilization and pregnancy after assisted oocyte activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a case of round-headed sperm associated with deficient oocyte activation capacity
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“Increased susceptibility to denaturation 1 corresponds to heterogeneity in the chromatin structure, which is associated with 2 disturbances during spermatogenesis or to subsequent chromatin damage, and which leads 3 to reduced fertility (Ballachey et al., 1987; Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
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Background
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“For the flow cytometer setup and calibration, a reference sample was used from a normal donor ejaculate retrieved from the laboratory repository (Evenson & Jost, 2000).”
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“Though studies have applied various methods to read the sperm DNA fragmentation, SCSA has advantages over other methods in its clinical utility.(16,17) All the above studies were carried out to read the sperm DNA quality to predict the outcome of ART; however, very Figure 2.”
Method
Sperm DNA Damage: Correlation to Severity of Semen Abnormalities
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Badouard, C., Menezo, Y., Panteix, G., Ravanat, J., Douki, T., Cadet, J., & Favier, A. (2008) · Zygote (Cambridge. Print) · doi:10.1017/s0967199407004340 · Cited by 108
“Thirty-nine patients who attended for a sperm migration test before IVF or artificial insemination at a fertility centre in Lyon (France) at the ‘Institut Rhonalpin pour l’étude de la reproduction humaine’ donated semen samples.”
BackgroundInfluential
Biology of sperm chromatin structure and relationship to male fertility and embryonic survival.
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BackgroundResultInfluential
Exposure to PCBs and p,p′-DDE and Human Sperm Chromatin Integrity
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“The SCSA was applied following the procedure described elsewhere (Evenson et al. 2002; Spano et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Low Amounts and High Thiol Oxidation of Peroxiredoxins in Spermatozoa From Infertile Men
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Method
Alkaline and neutral Comet assay profiles of sperm DNA damage in clinical groups.
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Background
Sperm characteristics and DNA integrity of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) epididymal spermatozoa frozen in the presence of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Fernández-Santos, M., Martínez-Pastor, F., García-Macías, V., Esteso, M., Soler, A., Paz, P., Anel, L., & Garde, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.000935 · Cited by 106
The significance of sperm nuclear DNA strand breaks on reproductive outcome
Spanô, M., Seli, E., Bizzaro, D., Manicardi, G., & Sakkas, D. (2005) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.gco.0000169102.77504.66 · Cited by 106
Sperm DNA damage in men from infertile couples.
Ērenpreiss, J., Elzanaty, S., & Giwercman, A. (2008) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00417.x · Cited by 105
Effect of storage in short--and long-term commercial semen extenders on the motility, plasma membrane and chromatin integrity of boar spermatozoa.
de Ambrogi, M., Ballester, J., Saravia, F., Caballero, I., Johannisson, A., Wallgren, M., Andersson, M., & Rodríguez-Martínez, H. (2006) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00694.x · Cited by 105
“Recently, this terminology has been changed: ‘the mean of at’ has been renamed ‘x-DNA fragmentation index (x-DFI)’; ‘SD at’ has become ‘SD-DFI’; and ‘COMP at’ has become ‘DFI’ (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Influential
Profiles of Emerging and Legacy Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Matched Serum and Semen Samples: New Implications for Human Semen Quality
Pan, Y., Cui, Q., Wang, J., Sheng, N., Jing, J., Yao, B., & Dai, J. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp4431 · Cited by 142
“Parameters, including DNA fragmentation index (DFI; percentage of sperm with damaged DNA) and high DNA stainability (HDS; percentage of sperm with immature chromatin) were then quantified (Evenson et al. 2002).”
Background
Morphology and chromatin integrity of stallion spermatozoa prepared by density gradient and single layer centrifugation through silica colloids.
Morrell, J., Johannisson, A., Dalin, A., & Rodríguez-Martínez, H. (2009) · Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01265.x · Cited by 103
Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility
Lemma, A. (2011) · doi:10.5772/16563 · Cited by 102
Supplementation of the dilution medium after thawing with reduced glutathione improves function and the in vitro fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa.
Gadea, J., Gumbao, D., Cánovas, S., García-Vázquez, F., Grullón, L., & Gardón, J. (2007) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00756.x · Cited by 102
“has become ‘DFI’ (Evenson et al., 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Cryopreservation and Sperm DNA Integrity
Gandini, L., Lombardo, F., Lenzi, A., Spanô, M., & Dondero, F. (2005) · Cell and Tissue Banking · doi:10.1007/s10561-005-0275-8 · Cited by 102
“The SCSA procedure described by Evenson et al. (2002) was used with minor modifications.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Clinical assessment of the male fertility
Khatun, A., Rahman, M. S., & Pang, M. (2018) · Obstetrics & Gynecology Science · doi:10.5468/ogs.2018.61.2.179 · Cited by 110
“consider DNA damage as a factor affecting the reproductive outcome [75,78].”
Background
Perfluorochemicals and Human Semen Quality: The LIFE Study
Louis, G. M. B., Chen, Z., Schisterman, E. F., Kim, S., Sweeney, A., Sundaram, R., Lynch, C. D.-J., Gore‐Langton, R. E., & Barr, D. B. (2014) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1307621 · Cited by 124
TUNEL assay and SCSA determine different aspects of sperm DNA damage
Henkel, R., Hoogendijk, C. F., Bouic, P. J., & Kruger, T. F. (2010) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01002.x · Cited by 111
“Although the SCSA has been evaluated for the clinical practice by Evenson et al. (2002) and it has been regarded as ‘gold standard’ by others (Chohan et al., 2006), Boe-Hansen et al. (2005) emphasised that several steps in the protocol of the assay can affect results and therefore further…”
MethodInfluential
A new method to analyze boar sperm DNA fragmentation under bright-field or fluorescence microscopy.
Enciso, M., López-Fernández, C., Fernández, J., García, P., Gosálbez, A., & Gosálvez, J. (2006) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.044 · Cited by 101
“Studies in humans indicate that the frequency of sperm cells containing fragmented DNA may be a new independent parameter of semen quality and a potential fertility predictor [1,2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effect of Antioxidant Intake on Sperm Chromatin Stability in Healthy Nonsmoking Men
Silver, E. W., Eskenazi, B., Evenson, D. P., Block, G., Young, S., & Wyrobek, A. J. (2005) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.04165 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Predictive value of DNA integrity analysis in idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss following spontaneous conception
Kumar, K., Deka, D., Singh, A. P., Mitra, D., Vanitha, B. R., & Dada, R. (2012) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-012-9801-3 · Cited by 92
Impact of obesity and overweight on DNA stability: Few facts and many hypotheses
Setayesh, T., Nersesyan, A., Mišík, M., Ferk, F., Langie, S., Andrade, V. M., Haslberger, A., & Knasmüller, S. (2018) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.07.001 · Cited by 98
Optimal concentrations of cryoprotective agents for semen from stallions that are classified 'good' or 'poor' for freezing.
Hoffmann, N., Oldenhof, H., Morandini, C., Rohn, K., & Sieme, H. (2011) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.03.001 · Cited by 98
Boar fertility and sperm chromatin structure status: a retrospective report.
Didion, B., Kasperson, K., Wixon, R., & Evenson, D. (2009) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.006254 · Cited by 98
Self-citation
Differences in boar sperm head shape and dimensions recorded by computer-assisted sperm morphometry are not related to chromatin integrity.
Saravia, F., Núñez-Martínez, I., Moran, J. M., Soler, C., Muriel, A., Rodríguez-Martínez, H., & Peña, F. J. (2007) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.052 · Cited by 98
“The term DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was used to describe the relationship between the amounts of green (ds DNA) and red (ss DNA) fluorescence in each individual spermatozoon [25].”
BackgroundMethod
Off to a good start: the influence of pre- and periconceptional exposures, parental fertility, and nutrition on children's health.
Chapin, R. E., Robbins, W. A., Schieve, L. A., Sweeney, A., Tabacova, S. A., & Tomashek, K. M. (2003) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6261 · Cited by 92
“Recent advances in molecular-cell and genetic laboratory techniques now allow sophisticated assessment of human sperm DNA and chromatin damage (Evenson et al. 2002; Perreault et al. 2000, 2003).”
Blastocyst development rate influences implantation and live birth rates of similarly graded euploid blastocysts.
Irani, M., O'Neill, C., Palermo, G., Xu, K.-P., Zhang, C., Qin, X., Zhan, Q., Clarke, R. N., Ye, Z., Zaninovic, N., et al. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.03.032 · Cited by 97
Using the alkaline comet assay in prognostic tests for male infertility and assisted reproductive technology outcomes.
Lewis, S., & Agbaje, I. (2008) · Mutagenesis · doi:10.1093/mutage/gem052 · Cited by 97
“It is also believed to measure both SSB and DSB (72), although primarily single-stranded DNA using a DNA fragmentation index (now called DFI, formerly COMPa1).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prenatal phthalate exposure and reproductive function in young men
Axelsson, J., Rylander, L., Rignell-Hydbom, A., Lindh, C. H., Jönsson, B. A. G., & Giwercman, A. (2015) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.024 · Cited by 107
Semen Abnormalities, Sperm DNA Damage and Global Hypermethylation in Health Workers Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation
Kumar, D., Salian, S. R., Kalthur, G., Uppangala, S., Kumari, S., Challapalli, S., Chandraguthi, S., Krishnamurthy, H., Jain, N., Kumar, P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069927 · Cited by 95
“The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay was performed as described earlier [21].”
Method
The effect of environmental exposure to pyrethroids and DNA damage in human sperm
Jurewicz, J., Radwan, M., Wielgomas, B., Sobala, W., Piskunowicz, M., Radwan, P., Bochenek, M., & Hanke, W. (2014) · Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.3109/19396368.2014.981886 · Cited by 98
“High DNA stainability (% HDS) was calculated on the basis of the percentage of sperm with high levels of green fluorescence, which are thought to represent immature spermatozoa with incomplete chromatin condensation [Evenson et al. 2002].”
Method
Lipid concentrations and semen quality: the LIFE study
Schisterman, E. F., Mumford, S. L., Chen, Z., Browne, R. W., Barr, D. B., Kim, S., & Louis, G. M. B. (2014) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00198.x · Cited by 90
“Following Handelsman, (Evenson et al., 2002) we found the optimal transformation parameter for each semen quality outcome, transformed the semen outcome, and reran the analyses to determine whether the obtained results were different from the primary analyses using untransformed semen outcomes.”
Result
Preparation and incubation conditions affect the DNA integrity of ejaculated human spermatozoa.
Matsuura, R., Takeuchi, T., & Yoshida, A. (2010) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1038/aja.2010.46 · Cited by 94
Clinical implications of sperm DNA damage
Lewis, S. E. M., & Simon, L. (2010) · Human Fertility · doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.528823 · Cited by 92
“As a diagnostic tool, sperm DNA damage has been shown to be more reproducible (Zini et al., 2001; Evenson et al., 2002; Loft et al., 2003) with studies reporting high monthly repeatability within donors (Evenson et al.”
Result
DNA fragmentation assessment by flow cytometry and Sperm-Bos-Halomax (bright-field microscopy and fluorescence microscopy) in bull sperm.
García-Macías, V., de Paz, P., Martínez-Pastor, F., Alvarez, M., Gomes-Alves, S., Bernardo, J., Anel, E., & Anel, L. (2007) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00723.x · Cited by 93
Intra-individual variation in sperm chromatin structure assay parameters in men from infertile couples: clinical implications.
Erenpreiss, J., Bungum, M., Spanô, M., Elzanaty, S., Orbidans, J., & Giwercman, A. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/del134 · Cited by 93
Evaluation of chromatin integrity in human sperm using acridine orange staining with different fixatives and after cryopreservation
Chohan, K., Griffin, J. T., & Carrell, D. (2004) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00626.x · Cited by 93
“Keeping this in view along with the recent findings (Evenson et al., 1999; Evenson et al., 2002) that a natural pregnancy is not possible when ‡30% of the spermatozoa have damaged DNA, we suggest that special consideration should be given to patients undergoing IVF with frozen–thawed semen samples…”
Background
Sperm DNA Integrity Assessment: A New Tool in Diagnosis and Treatment of Fertility
Bungum, M. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology International · doi:10.1155/2012/531042 · Cited by 92
Effect of different procedures of ejaculate collection, extenders and packages on DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa following freezing-thawing.
Fraser, L., & Strzeżek, J. (2007) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.06.003 · Cited by 92
“Over the last decade, rapid advances in reproductive molecular biology have resulted in numerous techniques to assess sperm DNA integrity (Evenson et al., 2002; Agarwal and Said, 2004).”
Background
Globozoospermia is associated with chromatin structure abnormalities: Case report
Vicari, E. S. D. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.8.2128 · Cited by 95
“2131 necessarily apoptotic (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Do heat stress and deficits in DNA repair pathways have a negative impact on male fertility?
Paul, C., Melton, D. W., & Saunders, P. T. K. (2008) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gam089 · Cited by 94
“However, their ability to adequately assess male fertility potential remains under scrutiny (Evenson et al., 2002; Agarwal and Said, 2003; Perreault et al., 2003).”
DNA oxidative damage in mammalian spermatozoa: where and why is the male nucleus affected?
Noblanc, A., Damon-Soubeyrand, C., Karrich, B., Henry-Berger, J., Cadet, R., Saez, F., Guiton, R., Janny, L., Pons-Rejraji, H., Alvarez, J., et al. (2013) · Free Radical Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.044 · Cited by 90
Heavy cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with impaired sperm parameters in primary infertile men
Salonia, A., Boeri, L., Capogrosso, P., Ventimiglia, E., Pederzoli, F., Cazzaniga, W., Chierigo, F., Dehò, F., Montanari, E., & Montorsi, F. (2019) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/aja.aja_110_18 · Cited by 106
Impact of sperm DNA fragmentation on the outcome of IVF with own or donated oocytes.
Esbert, M., Pacheco, A., Vidal, F., Florensa, M., Riqueros, M., Ballesteros, A., Garrido, N., & Calderón, G. (2011) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.07.010 · Cited by 89
“Some reports have indicated that when 30% of the spermatozoa are identified as having DNA damage, the potential for natural fertility is very low (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
Interrelationship between plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa.
Bollwein, H., Fuchs, I., & Koess, C. (2008) · Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00876.x · Cited by 89
Sperm DNA integrity in testicular cancer patients.
Ståhl, O., Eberhard, J., Jepson, K., Spanô, M., Cwikiel, M., Cavallin-ståhl, E., & Giwercman, A. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/del292 · Cited by 89
“DFI hereby expresses the proportion of cells containing denaturated DNA (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
The impact of testicular and accessory sex gland function on sperm chromatin integrity as assessed by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA)
Richthoff, J. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.12.3162 · Cited by 85
“Adopting the guidelines described in a recent publication (Evenson et al., 2002), the extent of DNA denaturation was expressed in terms of DNA fragmentation index (DFI, formerly termed αT function), which is the ratio of red to total (red plus green) fluorescence intensity, by using the ListView…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
DNA damage of human spermatozoa in assisted reproduction: origins, diagnosis, impacts and safety.
Özmen, B., Koutlaki, N., Youssry, M., Diedrich, K., & al-Hasani, S. (2007) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60883-8 · Cited by 89
Machine learning for sperm selection
You, J. B., McCallum, C., Wang, Y., Riordon, J., Nosrati, R., & Sinton, D. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-021-00465-1 · Cited by 104
Reactive oxygen species generators affect quality parameters and apoptosis markers differently in red deer spermatozoa.
Martínez-Pastor, F., Aisen, E., Fernández-Santos, M., Esteso, M., Maroto-Morales, A., García-Álvarez, O., & Garde, J. (2009) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-08-0357 · Cited by 87
“The SCSA technique (Evenson et al. 2002) is based on the metachromatic stain acridine orange, which fluoresces green”
Method
Comparison between the toluidine blue stain and the Feulgen reaction for evaluation of rabbit sperm chromatin condensation and their relationship with sperm morphology.
Beletti, M., & Mello, M. L. (2004) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.10.016 · Cited by 87
“The most common, chromatin structure analysis (SCSA), uses flow cytometry to evaluate the fluorescence of sperm stained with acridine orange [4–7].”
Background
A comprehensive investigation of sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress injury in infertile patients with subclinical, normozoospermic, and astheno/oligozoospermic clinical varicocoele
Ni, K., Steger, K., Yang, H., Wang, H., Hu, K., Zhang, T., & Chen, B. (2016) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12210 · Cited by 86
Ejaculate Oxidative Stress Is Related with Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Round Cells
Iommiello, V., Albani, E., Rosa, A. D., Marras, A., Menduni, F., Morreale, G., Levi, S., Pisano, B., & Levi-Setti, P. (2015) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2015/321901 · Cited by 85
“[29] with some modification of our laboratory.”
Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult male.
Hauser, R., & Sokol, R. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.033 · Cited by 84
Increased Aneuploidy Rate in Sperm With Fragmented DNA as Determined by the Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) Test and FISH Analysis
Muriel, L., Goyanes, V. J., Segrelles, E., Gosálvez, J., Álvarez, J. G., & Fernández, J. L. (2006) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.000067 · Cited by 89
Genotoxicity and gene expression modulation of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice
Asare, N., Duale, N., Slagsvold, H. H., Lindeman, B., Olsen, A., Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J., Męczyńska-Wielgosz, S., Kruszewski, M., Brunborg, G., & Instanes, C. (2016) · Nanotoxicology · doi:10.3109/17435390.2015.1071443 · Cited by 83
“It has been observed that the highly organized structure of DNA and heterogeneous nucleoproteins, constituent of sperm chromatin helps protect genetic integrity, hence paternal genome competence in reproduction (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
The impact of male overweight on semen quality and outcome of assisted reproduction
Thomsen, L., Humaidan, P., Bungum, L., & Bungum, M. (2014) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.125398 · Cited by 82
Assessment of Male Reproductive Toxicity
Perreault, S., Klinefelter, G., & Clegg, E. (2007) · doi:10.1201/b14258-37 · Cited by 82
Sperm DNA damage is related to field fertility of semen from young Norwegian Red bulls.
Waterhouse, K., Haugan, T., Kommisrud, E., Tverdal, A., Flatberg, G., Farstad, W., Evenson, D., & de Angelis, P. (2006) · Reproduction, Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd06029 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
On the Nature and Origin of DNA Strand Breaks in Elongating Spermatids1
Laberge, R.-M., & Boissonneault, G. (2005) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.104.036939 · Cited by 82
“When bound to denatured DNA, AO emits red fluorescence, whereas green fluorescence is emitted once bound to double-stranded DNA [1].”
BackgroundMethod
Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship With Semen Quality
Jurewicz, J., Radwan, M., Sobala, W., Radwan, P., Bochenek, M., & Hanke, W. (2018) · American Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.1177/1557988315627139 · Cited by 81
Phthalates, perfluoroalkyl acids, metals and organochlorines and reproductive function: a multipollutant assessment in Greenlandic, Polish and Ukrainian men
Lenters, V. C., Portengen, L., Smit, L. A. M., Jönsson, B., Giwercman, A., Rylander, L., Lindh, C. H., Spanò, M., Pedersen, H. S., Ludwicki, J. K., et al. (2014) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102264 · Cited by 89
“36 Sperm DNA damage might be mediated by testicular oxidative stress.”
Novel technologies for selecting the best sperm for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Sakkas, D. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.12.025 · Cited by 93
Human sperm DNA integrity in normal and abnormal semen samples and its correlation with sperm characteristics
Varghese, A., Bragais, F. M., Mukhopadhyay, D., Kundu, S., Pal, M., Bhattacharyya, A. K., & Agarwal, A. (2009) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00917.x · Cited by 80
“These obstacles have limited the application of AO in andrology clinics (Evenson et al., 2002; Perreault et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
Influence of in vitro exposure to mycotoxin zearalenone and its derivatives on swine sperm quality.
Benzoni, E., Minervini, F., Giannoccaro, A., Fornelli, F., Vigo, D., & Visconti, A. (2008) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.04.009 · Cited by 80
Unpacking the mysteries of sperm DNA fragmentation Ten frequently asked questions
Gosálvez, J., López-Fernández, C., Fernández, J., Esteves, S., & Johnston, S. (2015) · Journal of Reproductive Biotechnology and Fertility · doi:10.1177/2058915815594454 · Cited by 80
Comparison of reactive oxygen species concentration in seminal plasma and semen parameters in partners of pregnant and non-pregnant patients after IVF/ICSI.
Hammadeh, M., Radwan, M., al-Hasani, S., Micu, R., Rosenbaum, P., Lorenz, M., & Schmidt, W. (2006) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60661-x · Cited by 79
Genetic polymorphisms influence the susceptibility of men to sperm DNA damage associated with exposure to air pollution.
Rubes, J., Rybář, R., Přinosilová, P., Veznik, Z., Chvátalová, I., Solánský, I., & Sram, R. (2010) · Mutation research · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.010 · Cited by 78
Effects of the chemotherapy cocktail used to treat testicular cancer on sperm chromatin integrity.
Delbes, G., Hales, B., & Robaire, B. (2006) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.001487 · Cited by 78
Sperm DNA integrity testing: big halo is a good predictor of embryo quality and pregnancy after conventional IVF
Tandara, M., Bajić, A., Tandara, L., Bilić-Zulle, L., Šunj, M., Kozina, V., Goluža, T., & Jukič, M. (2014) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00234.x · Cited by 77
“So far, there is no unique test to determine sperm DNA integrity, only numerous test measuring DNA fragmentation of which some have become part of laboratory practice: TUNEL (Terminal dUTP Nick-End Labeling) test, Comet test (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis), SCSA (Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay) test and SCD (Sperm…”
Method
Telomere lengths in human oocytes, cleavage stage embryos and blastocysts
Turner, S., Wong, H.-P., Rai, J., & Hartshorne, G. M. (2010) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gaq048 · Cited by 83
“Key words: embryo / oocyte / telomere length / human / chromosome”
Background
Evaluation of DNA Damage in Different Stages of Mouse Spermatogenesis after Testicular X Irradiation
Cordelli, E., Fresegna, A. M., Leter, G., Eleuteri, P., Spanô, M., & Villani, P. (2003) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr3053 · Cited by 76

Authors: EVENSON, D. P., LARSON, K. L., & JOST, L. K.
Affiliations: South Dakota State University (US)
Corresponding author: EVENSON, DONALD P.
ORCID: EVENSON, DONALD P.
Venue: Journal of Andrology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-01-02
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-43
ISSN: 0196-3635 (ISSN-L)
1939-4640
DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x
OpenAlex: W1532901402
Cited by: 1,072
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 38.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4018 d)
Locations: Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9452894, 9720642)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Male Reproductive Health Studies
Keywords: sperm chromatin structure assay, sperm DNA fragmentation, male infertility, testicular cancer
MeSH terms: Chromatin, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male, Spermatozoa, DNA Fragmentation

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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