Cited by 1,072Sperm and Testicular FunctionReproductive biology and impacts on aquatic speciesMale Reproductive Health Studies

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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EVENSON, DONALD P., LARSON, KJERSTEN L., JOST, LORNA K.·2002·Journal of Andrology

DOI 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x

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Abstract

The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) was first described in the December 5, 1980 issue of Science (Evenson et al, 1980a).The data described in that article showed a significant difference between proven fertile and subfertility or infertility in men and bulls and the susceptibility to denaturation of their sperm nuclear DNA.A subsequent study (Evenson et al, 1984) described SCSA data obtained from men with testicular cancer.The data were heterogeneous, and begged the question, what was SCSA measuring?Great effort has been spent over the past 15 years on animal model systems, mostly related to dose-response toxicology experiments and large animal fertility trials.The results from these studies showed that SCSA was highly dose-responsive to toxicants, highly repeatable, and provided meaningful biological information on sperm nuclear DNA defects.The extensive data from nonhumans (Evenson et al, 1985(Evenson et al, , 1986(Evenson et al, , 1989a(Evenson et al, ,b, 1993a(Evenson et al, ,b,c, 1994(Evenson et al, , 1995b;; Ballachey et

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Fertilization and pregnancy after assisted oocyte activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a case of round-headed sperm associated with deficient oocyte activation capacity
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“Moderate + high DFI equates to the previous COMP value (Evenson et al., 2002).”
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“The extent of DNA denaturation, expressed as DNA fragmentation index (DFI), was calculated based on the ratio of red/red + green fluorescence for each cell in the sample (Evenson et al., 2002).”
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“Some reports have indicated that when >30% of sperm DNA is damaged, natural pregnancy is not possible [Evenson et al. 1999; 2002].”
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SUBLETHAL DOSES OF MALATHION ALTER MALE REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF Eisenia foetida
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“different levels and different molecular sites have been developed, the most frequently used systems include the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) [29], terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nick end-labelling assay (TUNEL) [30], neutral/ alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) [31] and sperm…”
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“Sperm DNA damage has been classified into three categories: low ( 15%), moderate (15% to <30%) and high ( 30%) and has been reported to be associated with excellent, good and fair to poor fertility potential, respectively (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
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“Assessment of chromatin quality using the SCSA test (Evenson et al., 2002) showed a DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and high DNA stainability (HDS) within normal ranges (Table 3).”
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“Regarding the tests evaluating that damage, TUNEL, SCSA and Comet assays have been shown to be the most powerful [60, 61].”
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“Other indications of increased ROS in patients with varicocele are elevated quantities of cytoplasmic droplets in the young spermatozoa.”
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Use of fluorescent stainings and flow cytometry for canine semen assessment.
Niżański, W., Partyka, A., & Rijsselaere, T. (2012) · Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · doi:10.1111/rda.12048 · Cited by 29
“It is based on the assumption that a structurally abnormal sperm chromatin shows a higher susceptibility to acid denaturation (Evenson et al. 2002).”
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Single layer centrifugation of stallion spermatozoa improves sperm quality compared with sperm washing.
Morrell, J., Rodríguez-Martínez, H., & Johannisson, A. (2010) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.027 · Cited by 29
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“DNA fragmentation assays Samples were collected after 2–3 days of sexual abstinence, and sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated by sperm chromatin structure assay (Evenson et al., 2002) and TUNEL (Delbes et al.”
Method
Effects of single layer centrifugation (SLC) on bull spermatozoa prior to freezing on post-thaw semen characteristics.
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“This phenomenon has already been well described, and having direct implications to clinical aspects of reproduction, has been variously addressed (Agarwal et al., 2005; Aitken and Baker, 2006; Cho et al., 2016; Esteves et al., 2014, 2015; Evenson et al., 2002; Henkel et al., 2005).”
Background
Evaluation of human sperm chromatin status after selection using a modified Diff‐Quik stain indicates embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes following in vitro fertilization
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Background
RETRACTED: Failed fertilization after clinical intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Javed, M., Esfandiari, N., & Casper, R. F. (2009) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.10.010 · Cited by 24
“SCSA, a quantitative and flow cytometric test, measures the susceptibility of sperm nuclear DNA to acid-induced DNA denaturation in situ, followed by staining with acridine orange (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Method
Retracted
Associations between blood metal/ metalloid concentration and human semen quality and sperm function: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong.
Shi, X., Chan, C. P. S., Man, G. K. Y., Chan, D. Y., Wong, M. H., & Li, T. C. (2021) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126735 · Cited by 27
In vitro exposure to CPF affects bovine sperm epigenetic gene methylation pattern and the ability of sperm to support fertilization and embryo development
Pallotta, M. M., Barbato, V., Pinton, A., Acloque, H., Gualtieri, R., Talevi, R., Jammes, H., & Capriglione, T. (2018) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.22242 · Cited by 33
Freezability of water buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa is improved with the addition of curcumin (diferuoyl methane) in semen extender
Shah, S. A. H., Andrabi, S. M. H., & Qureshi, I. (2017) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12713 · Cited by 27
Thawing boar semen in the presence of seminal plasma improves motility, modifies subpopulation patterns and reduces chromatin alterations.
Fernández-Gago, R., Álvarez-Rodríguez, M., Alonso, M., González, J., Alegre, B., Domínguez, J., & Martínez-Pastor, F. (2017) · Reproduction, Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd15530 · Cited by 27
“Data were processed for obtaining SCSA variables as indicated in the bibliography (Evenson and Jost, 2000; Evenson et al., 2002), producing SD-DFI, %DFI and %HDS as indicated by the beginning of this section.”
Method
miR-424/322 is downregulated in the semen of patients with severe DNA damage and may regulate sperm DNA damage.
Zhao, K., Chen, Y., Yang, R., Bai, Y., Li, C., Li, H.-G., & Xiong, C.-L. (2016) · Reproduction, Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd15052 · Cited by 27
“Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) was performed to evaluate human andmouse spermDNA damage, as described in a previous study (Evenson et al. 2002).”
Method
Sexual rest and post‐meiotic sperm ageing in house mice
Firman, R. C., Young, F., Rowe, D. C., Dương, H. T., & Gasparini, C. (2015) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12661 · Cited by 27
Relationship between physical occupational exposures and health on semen quality: data from the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study
Eisenberg, M. L., Chen, Z., Ye, A., & Louis, G. M. B. (2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.02.010 · Cited by 84
“6) White 384 (77) College educated 454 (91) Prior paternity 225 (48) Smoker 70 (15) Occupational Night work 106 (23) Rotating shifts 73 (16) Vibration 105 (23) Noise 124 (27) Extreme heat 98 (21) Heavy exertion 145 (32) Prolonged sitting 224 (49) Health High cholesterol 76 (16) Diabetes 14 (3) High blood pressure 49 (…”
BackgroundMethod
Interactions between polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway and exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants affect human semen quality
Brokken, L. J. S., Lundberg, P. J., Spano, M., Manicardi, G. C., Pedersen, H. S., Struciński, P., Góralczyk, K., Zviezdai, V., Jönsson, B., Bonde, J. P., et al. (2014) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.073 · Cited by 27
SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION
Shafik, A., Shafik, A., Shafik, I., & el-Sibai, O. (2006) · Archives of andrology · doi:10.1080/01485010500503561 · Cited by 27
“Sperm cells with extensive DNA breakage are normally present in human ejaculate, but infertile men have a higher proportion of sperm with DNA fragmentation than fertile control [6, 30, 68].”
Background
Handbook of Clinical Laboratory Testing During Pregnancy
Gronowski, A. (2004) · Current Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-787-1 · Cited by 27
The clinical value of sperm nuclear DNA assessment.
Jonge, C. D. (2002) · Human Fertility · doi:10.1080/1464727022000198922 · Cited by 26
Effect of long-term storage in Safe Cell+ extender on boar sperm DNA integrity and other key sperm parameters
Bielas, W., Niżański, W., Partyka, A., Rza̧sa, A., & Mordak, R. (2017) · Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/s13028-017-0325-9 · Cited by 26
“Therefore, some authors recommend assessment of chromatin integrity as a good, complementary and independent indicator of sperm quality [22].”
BackgroundMethod
Male Urinary Paracetamol and Semen Quality
Smarr, M., Kannan, K., Chen, Z., Kim, S., & Louis, G. B. B. (2017) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12413 · Cited by 26
“One aliquot of whole semen was diluted in TNE buffer and frozen for the sperm chromatin stability assay (SCSA; Evenson et al., 2002).”
Method
Urinary Phytoestrogens Are Associated with Subtle Indicators of Semen Quality among Male Partners of Couples Desiring Pregnancy
Mumford, S. L., Kim, S., Chen, Z., Barr, D. B., & Louis, G. M. B. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.214973 · Cited by 33
“Urinary creatinine was quantified using a Roche Hitachi model 912 clinical analyzer and analyzed using the Creatinine Plus assay (Roche Diagnostics), which involves the combined use of creatininase, creatinase, and sarcosine oxidase.”
Method
Specific sperm defects are differentially correlated with DNA fragmentation in both normozoospermic and teratozoospermic subjects
Mangiarini, A., Paffoni, A., Restelli, L., Ferrari, S., Guarneri, C., Ragni, G., & Somigliana, E. (2013) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00138.x · Cited by 26
“…high magnification during ICSI in specific infertile couples was reported (Bartoov et al., 2001, 2003; Antinori et al., 2008; Balaban et al., 2011) and a correlation between DNA integrity and fertilization rates has been highlighted (Evenson et al., 2002; Virro et al., 2004; Borini et al., 2006).”
Background
Case report: the use of annexin V coupled with magnetic activated cell sorting in cryopreserved spermatozoa from a male cancer survivor: healthy twin newborns after two previous ICSI failures
Herrero, M. B., Delbes, G., Chung, J.-T., Son, W., Holzer, H., Buckett, W., & Chan, P. (2013) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-013-0086-y · Cited by 26
Changes in sperm apoptotic markers as related to seminal leukocytes and elastase.
Zorn, B., Ihan, A., Kopitar, A. N., Kolbezen, M., Sešek-Briški, A., & Meden-Vrtovec, H. (2010) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.016 · Cited by 26
“(2002) and Evenson et al. (2002).”
Acridine Orange Test for Assessment of Human Sperm DNA Integrity
Varghese, A., Fischer-Hammadeh, C., & Hammadeh, M. (2011) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6857-9_13 · Cited by 26
Semen analysis in laboratory practice: An overview of routine tests
Andrade-Rocha, F. T. (2003) · Journal of clinical laboratory analysis (Print) · doi:10.1002/jcla.10105 · Cited by 26
“Although a considerable quantity of spermatozoa in the ejaculate exhibit compact chromatin, a granular and most heterogeneous appearance of sperm nuclei can also be found even in morphologically normal spermatozoa (81).”
Background
Protamines and DNA integrity as a biomarkers of sperm quality and assisted conception outcome
Bibi, R., Jahan, S., Razak, S., Hammadeh, M. E., Almajwal, A. M., & Amor, H. (2022) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.14418 · Cited by 28
Triglycerides/Glucose Index Is Associated with Sperm Parameters and Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Primary Infertile Men: A Cross-Sectional Study
Belladelli, F., Boeri, L., Pozzi, E., Fallara, G., Corsini, C., Candela, L., Cazzaniga, W., Cignoli, D., Pagliardini, L., d’Arma, A., et al. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12020143 · Cited by 31
“Similarly, in a subsequent study with 500 male partners, progressive motility and morphology were found to be significantly impaired in diabetic men compared to controls [34].”
Result
Sperm DNA fragmentation index does not correlate with blastocyst euploidy rate in egg donor cycles
Gat, I., Li, N., Yasovich, N., Antes, R., Kuznyetsov, V., Zohni, K., Weizman, N. F., & Librach, C. L. (2017) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1379500 · Cited by 26
“DFI was classified into two categories as normal (<15%) or abnormal (>15%) [8].”
BackgroundMethod
Cytotoxic Effects of Benzene Metabolites on Human Sperm Function: An In Vitro Study
Mandani, P., Desai, K., & Highland, H. (2013) · ISRN Toxicology · doi:10.1155/2013/397524 · Cited by 25
“The sperm DNA is known to be sensitive to environmental stress and toxicants [11].”
Background
Differential clustering of sperm subpopulations in infertile males with clinical varicocele and carriers of rearranged genomes.
García-Peiró, A., Oliver-Bonet, M., Navarro, J., Abad, C., Amengual, M., López-Fernández, C., Gosálvez, J., & Benet, J. (2012) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.111.013722 · Cited by 25
“An increased HDS sperm subpopulation has been associated with high fever episodes (Evenson et al, 2002) and alterations during the spermiogenesis stage and abnormal morphology (Zini et al, 2009).”
Background
Apoptotic gene expression in potentially fertile and subfertile men.
Cavalcanti, M. C. O., Steilmann, C., Failing, K., Bergmann, M., Kliesch, S., Weidner, W., & Steger, K. (2011) · Molecular human reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gar011 · Cited by 25
The clinical significance of sperm DNA damage detection combined with routine semen testing in assisted reproduction.
Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Wang, L.-R., Zhou, Z.-M., Sha, J., Mao, Y.-D., Cai, L.-B., Feng, T., Yan, Z., Ma, L., et al. (2008) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr_00000002 · Cited by 25
Seasonal variation in nuclear DNA integrity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa from Thai AI swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
Koonjaenak, S., Johannisson, A., Pongpeng, P., Wirojwuthikul, S., Kunavongkrit, A., & Rodríguez-Martínez, H. (2007) · Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00946.x · Cited by 25
Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals
Manafi, M. (2014) · doi:10.5772/713 · Cited by 25
Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and male reproductive function in Greenland, Poland and Ukraine.
Toft, G., Lenters, V., Vermeulen, R., Heederik, D., Thomsen, C., Becher, G., Giwercman, A., Bizzaro, D., Manicardi, G., Spanô, M., et al. (2014) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.10.002 · Cited by 25
Impact of sperm characteristics on time‐lapse embryo morphokinetic parameters and clinical outcome of conventional in vitro fertilization
Nikolova, S., Parvanov, D., Georgieva, V., Ivanova, I., Ganeva, R., & Stamenov, G. (2020) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12781 · Cited by 24
Canine and Feline Epididymal Semen—A Plentiful Source of Gametes
Hassan, H. A., Domain, G., Luvoni, G., Chaaya, R., Soom, A. V., & Wydooghe, E. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11102961 · Cited by 24
The Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 Stabilizes Sperm Chromatin Condensation Status During Epididymal Transit by Promoting Disulphide Bond Formation
Chioccarelli, T., Manfrevola, F., Porreca, V., Fasano, S., Altucci, L., Pierantoni, R., & Cobellis, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21093117 · Cited by 24
“This metachromatic shift from green (FL1-H) to red (FL3-H) has been used to measure chromatin quality indices of caput and cauda SPZs under acid conditions [44,45].”
BackgroundMethod
The paternal genome and the health of the assisted reproductive technology child
Lewis, S. E. M., & Kumar, K. (2015) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/1008-682x.153301 · Cited by 24
“10,11 In a recent large study, the intra‑individual CV for DNA damage (using the sperm chromatin structure assay) was higher (30”
Method
DNA fragmentation and sperm head morphometry in cat epididymal spermatozoa
Vernocchi, V., Morselli, M. G., Lange-Consiglio, A., Faustini, M., & Luvoni, G. C. (2014) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.014 · Cited by 22
Naturally and stimulated levels of reactive oxygen species in cooled stallion semen destined for artificial insemination.
Johannisson, A., Lundgren, A.-L., Humblot, P., & Morrell, J. (2014) · Animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731114001499 · Cited by 24
Effects of cryostorage on human sperm chromatin integrity
Fortunato, A., Leo, R., & Liguori, F. (2012) · Zygote · doi:10.1017/s0967199412000032 · Cited by 23
“(Evenson et al., 1999, 2002; Ménézo et al., 2007; Giwercman et al., 2010).”
Method
Effects of in vitro exposure to natural levels of zearalenone and its derivatives on chromatin structure stability in equine spermatozoa.
Minervini, F., Lacalandra, G., Filannino, A., Nicassio, M., Visconti, A., & Dell'Aquila, M. E. (2010) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.023 · Cited by 24
“The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) is a rapid and sensitive cytofluorimetric assay able to measure the DNA quality strictly associated with fertility and early embryonic development [28,29].”
Background
The Boar Ejaculate: Sperm Function and Seminal Plasma Analyses
Sancho, S., & Vilagran, I. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35049-8_9 · Cited by 24
Male gamete survival at stake: causes and solutions
Varghese, A. C., du Plessis, S. S., & Agarwal, A. K. (2008) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60416-6 · Cited by 24
“Other studies have suggested that the presence of ≥30% of spermatozoa with damaged DNA signifies reduced natural pregnancy rates (Evenson et al., 1999, 2002).”
Background
Novel sperm chromatin dispersion test with artificial intelligence‐aided halo evaluation: A comparison study with existing modalities
Kuroda, S., Karna, K., Kaiyal, R., Cannarella, R., Lundy, S. D., Vij, S. C., & Agarwal, A. (2023) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13436 · Cited by 23
Metal(loid)s and human semen quality: The LIFE Study
Branch, F. M., Perry, M. J., Chen, Z., & Louis, G. M. B. (2021) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.006 · Cited by 23
Incidence of high sperm DNA fragmentation in a targeted population of subfertile men
Vinnakota, C., Cree, L., Peek, J., & Morbeck, D. (2019) · Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1080/19396368.2019.1668077 · Cited by 23
“There has been a lot of debate regarding the use of routine semen analysis to predict DNA integrity; however, most studies find no or poor correlation between semen parameters and DNA fragmentation (Evenson et al. 2002; Cohen-Bacrie et al. 2009; Boushaba and Belaaloui 2015).”
Background
SEPT14 Mutations and Teratozoospermia: Genetic Effects on Sperm Head Morphology and DNA Integrity
Wang, Y.-Y., Lai, T., Chen, M.-F., Lee, H.-L., Kuo, P.-L., & Lin, Y.-H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8091297 · Cited by 23
Sperm DNA fragmentation valued by SCSA and its correlation with conventional sperm parameters in male partner of recurrent spontaneous abortion couple.
Yuan, M., Huang, L., Leung, W.-T., Wang, M.-Y., Meng, Y., Huang, Z., Pan, X., Zhou, J., Li, C.-Y., Sima, Y., et al. (2019) · BioScience Trends · doi:10.5582/bst.2018.01292 · Cited by 23
“The extent of DNA denaturation is indicated by the percentage of sperm containing fragmented DNA after acid treatment, that is, shifting from green fluorescence to red fluorescence after an acidic treatment (7,18,22,24).”
BackgroundMethod
Fennel induces cytotoxic effects against testicular germ cells in mice; evidences for suppressed pre‐implantation embryo development
Minas, A., Najafi, G., Jalali, A., & Razi, M. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.22570 · Cited by 23
“Thus, it leads to failed fertilization and/or embryo development arrest because of parental genome damage.(42,43) On the other hand it has been reported that, the sperms with severe DNA fragmentation and/or protamine deficiency usually fail to generate intact embryos after IVF or ICSI and the embryos derived from thos…”
Background
Freezing-induced uptake of disaccharides for preservation of chromatin in freeze-dried stallion sperm during accelerated aging†
Oldenhof, H., Zhang, M., Narten, K., Bigalk, J., Sydykov, B., Wolkers, W. F., & Sieme, H. (2017) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/iox142 · Cited by 27
“Sperm were selected based on their forward and side scatter properties, and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was determined by quantifying sperm populations showing differences in green and red fluorescence [42, 43].”
Method
RNA sequencing reveals candidate genes and polymorphisms related to sperm DNA integrity in testis tissue from boars
van Son, M., Tremoen, N. H., Gaustad, A. H., Myromslien, F. D., Våge, D. I., Stenseth, E., Zeremichael, T. T., & Grindflek, E. H. (2017) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1279-x · Cited by 29
“This parameter is a much more objective marker of sperm quality and function than standard subjective microscopic evaluations [14, 15].”
Background
Free-radical production after post-thaw incubation of ram spermatozoa is related to decreased in vivo fertility.
del Olmo, E. D., Bisbal, A., García-Álvarez, O., Maroto-Morales, A., Ramón, M., Jiménez-Rabadán, P., Anel-López, L., Soler, A., Garde, J., & Fernández-Santos, M. (2015) · Reproduction, Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd14043 · Cited by 23
“Although some authors have found a negative relationship of DNA damage with fertility (Evenson et al. 2002) we could not find this relationship in our study either analysing DNA with SCSA 5 or with TUNEL assay and CMA3.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Improvement in Sperm DNA Quality Following Simple Life StyleIntervention: A Study in Fathers of Children with Non-Familial SporadicHeritable Retinoblastoma
Kumar, S., Gautam, S., Tolahunase, M., Chawla, B., Yadav, R., Kumar, P., Mitra, D., & Dada, R. (2015) · doi:10.4172/2165-7920.1000509 · Cited by 23
“, the level of denatured DNA over the total DNA [12].”
Background
Evaluation of motility, membrane status and DNA integrity of frozen-thawed bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) spermatozoa after sex-sorting and recryopreservation.
Montano, G., Kraemer, D. C., Love, C., Robeck, T., & O'Brien, J. K. (2012) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-11-0490 · Cited by 23
“In addition to this, severe DNA alterations are related to male infertility in humans (Evenson et al. 2002), cattle (Ballachey et al. 1988), pigs (Evenson et al. 1994) and horses (Love & Kenney 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Efficacy of testicular sperm chromatin condensation assay using aniline blue-eosin staining in the IVF-ET cycle
Park, Y.-S., Kim, M. K., Lee, S.-H., Cho, J. W., Song, I., & Seo, J. (2011) · Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.5653/cerm.2011.38.3.142 · Cited by 23
“DNA with more than 30% damage makes natural fertilization difficult [4,5].”
Background
Herbo-mineral supplementation in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia : A double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial
Kumar, R., Saxena, V., Shamsi, M. B., Venkatesh, S., & Dada, R. (2011) · Indian Journal of Urology · doi:10.4103/0970-1591.85440 · Cited by 23
“,[17] which was used to calculate DNA fragmentation Index.”
Method
Effects of disulfide bond reducing agents on sperm chromatin structural integrity and developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in pigs.
Cheng, W.-M., An, L., Wu, Z.-H., Zhu, Y.-B., Liu, J.-H., Gao, H.-M., Li, X.-H., Zheng, S.-J., Chen, D.-B., & Tian, J.-H. (2009) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-08-0143 · Cited by 23
“…is detrimental to fertility and has been regarded as a major factor in lowering embryo quality (Tomsu et al. 2002, Virant-Klun et al. 2002), blastulation rate (Seli et al. 2004), and overall pregnancy rate after IVF (Evenson et al. 2002, Bungum et al. 2004, Henkel et al. 2004, Virro et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Flow cytometry and microscopic acridine orange test: relationship with standard semen analysis.
Apedaile, A., Garrett, C., Liu, D., Clarke, G., Johnston, S. A., & Baker, H. W. G. (2004) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60923-6 · Cited by 23
Cryopreservation of dog semen in a Tris extender with two different 1% soybean preparations compared with a Tris egg yolk extender
Hermansson, U., Johannisson, A., & Axnér, E. (2021) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.445 · Cited by 22
“Sperm chromatin structure assay This assay was performed according to the method described previously (Evenson et al., 2002; Morrell et al., 2009) with minor modifications.”
Method
X chromosome variants are associated with male fertility traits in two bovine populations
Fortes, M., Porto-Neto, L., Satake, N., Nguyen, L., Freitas, A. C., Melo, T. P., Scalez, D. C. B., Hayes, B., Raidan, F., Reverter, A., et al. (2020) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12711-020-00563-5 · Cited by 22
A cost for high levels of sperm competition in rodents: increased sperm DNA fragmentation
delBarco-Trillo, J., García-Álvarez, O., Soler, A., Tourmente, M., Garde, J., & Roldan, E. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2708 · Cited by 22
Sperm DNA and detection of DNA fragmentations in sperm.
Küçük, N. (2018) · Turkish journal of urology · doi:10.5152/tud.2018.49321 · Cited by 22
“However, the previous studies conducted in humans have demonstrated that it is not always possible to achieve an accurate decision about male fertility according to the results of routine semen examinations[1,2] and when all the routine sperm parameters are normal, sperm population of an ejaculate may be subfertile or…”
Iatrogenic genetic damage of spermatozoa.
O'Flaherty, C. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_8 · Cited by 22
Relationship of Seminal Oxidation-Reduction Potential with Sperm DNA Integrity and pH in Idiopathic Infertile Patients
Garcia-Segura, S., Ribas-Maynou, J., Lara-Cerrillo, S., Garcia-Peiró, A., Castel, A. B., Benet, J., & Oliver-Bonet, M. (2020) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology9090262 · Cited by 21
Breed and stallion effects on frozen-thawed semen in warmblood, light and quarter horses.
Greiser, T., Sieme, H., Martinsson, G., & Distl, O. (2020) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.033 · Cited by 21
Effect of antioxidant therapy on the sperm DNA integrity improvement; a longitudinal cohort study
Salehi, P., Shahrokhi, S. Z., Kamran, T., Ajami, A., Taghiyar, S., & Deemeh, M. R. (2019) · International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine · doi:10.18502/ijrm.v17i2.3987 · Cited by 21
“The principles and procedure of sperm DNA fragmentation were measured by SCSA assay as previously described (15).”
Method
DNA integrity in fresh, chilled and frozen-thawed canine spermatozoa.
Přinosilová, P., Rybář, R., Zajĩcovã, A., & Hlavicová, J. (2018) · doi:10.17221/5853-vetmed · Cited by 21
“There are many external and internal factors influencing sperm chromatin quality (Evenson et al. 2002).”
Background
Effect of zearalenone on circulating testosterone concentration, testicular and epididymal morphology and epididymal sperm characteristics in wild boars.
Bielas, W., Niżański, W., Nicpoń, J., Nicpoń, J., Partyka, A., Mordak, R., Nowak, M., & Ciaputa, R. (2017) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.015 · Cited by 21
“The extent of DNA denaturation, expressed as the DNA fragmentation index (%DFI), was calculated based on the ratio of red/ total (redþgreen) fluorescence for each sperm cell in the sample [27].”
Method
Association between the MTHFR-C677T isoform and structure of sperm DNA
Cornet, D., Cohen, M., Clément, A., Amar, E., Fournols, L., Clément, P., Neveux, P. E., & Ménézo, Y. (2017) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-017-1015-2 · Cited by 21

Authors: EVENSON, D. P., LARSON, K. L., & JOST, L. K.
Affiliations: South Dakota State University (US)
Corresponding author: EVENSON, DONALD P.
ORCID: EVENSON, DONALD P.
Venue: Journal of Andrology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-01-02
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-43
ISSN: 0196-3635 (ISSN-L)
1939-4640
DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x
OpenAlex: W1532901402
Cited by: 1,072
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 38.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4018 d)
Locations: Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9452894, 9720642)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Male Reproductive Health Studies
Keywords: sperm chromatin structure assay, sperm DNA fragmentation, male infertility, testicular cancer
MeSH terms: Chromatin, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male, Spermatozoa, DNA Fragmentation

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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