Cited by 1,072Sperm and Testicular FunctionReproductive biology and impacts on aquatic speciesMale Reproductive Health Studies

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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EVENSON, DONALD P., LARSON, KJERSTEN L., JOST, LORNA K.·2002·Journal of Andrology

DOI 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x

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Abstract

The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) was first described in the December 5, 1980 issue of Science (Evenson et al, 1980a).The data described in that article showed a significant difference between proven fertile and subfertility or infertility in men and bulls and the susceptibility to denaturation of their sperm nuclear DNA.A subsequent study (Evenson et al, 1984) described SCSA data obtained from men with testicular cancer.The data were heterogeneous, and begged the question, what was SCSA measuring?Great effort has been spent over the past 15 years on animal model systems, mostly related to dose-response toxicology experiments and large animal fertility trials.The results from these studies showed that SCSA was highly dose-responsive to toxicants, highly repeatable, and provided meaningful biological information on sperm nuclear DNA defects.The extensive data from nonhumans (Evenson et al, 1985(Evenson et al, , 1986(Evenson et al, , 1989a(Evenson et al, ,b, 1993a(Evenson et al, ,b,c, 1994(Evenson et al, , 1995b;; Ballachey et

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Fertilization and pregnancy after assisted oocyte activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in a case of round-headed sperm associated with deficient oocyte activation capacity
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Background
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Background
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Vaisheva, F., Delbes, G., Hales, B., & Robaire, B. (2007) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.002428 · Cited by 68
Relationships between sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm apoptotic markers and serum levels of CB-153 and p,p′-DDE in European and Inuit populations
Stronati, A., Manicardi, G. C., Cecati, M., Bordicchia, M., Ferrante, L., Spano, M., Toft, G. V., Bonde, J. P., Jönsson, B., Rignell‐Hydbom, A., et al. (2006) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep.1.01034 · Cited by 67
“These results are of concern as sperm DNA integrity is essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information (Evenson et al. 2002, Agarwal & Said 2003, Perreault et al. 2003, Sakkas et al. 2003a).”
BackgroundMethod
Protective effects of garlic extract and vitamin C against in vivo cypermethrin-induced teratogenic effects in rat offspring.
Assayed, M. E., Khalaf, A. A., & Salem, H. (2010) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.011 · Cited by 67
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF GULF WAR I VETERANS EXPOSED TO DEPLETED URANIUM: UPDATING THE COHORT
McDiarmid, M., Engelhardt, S. M., Oliver, M., Gucer, P., Wilson, P. D., Kane, R. L., Cernich, A., Kaup, B., Anderson, L. D., Hoover, D., et al. (2007) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000259850.66969.8c · Cited by 67
“Duplicate analyses were performed on the semen from each participant by previously published methods (Evenson et al. 1980, 2002) and all samples were analyzed in the same assay.”
Method
Breed differences in competitive indices of Holstein and Jersey bulls and their association with sperm DNA fragmentation index and plasma membrane integrity.
Kasimanickam, R., Nebel, R., Peeler, I. D., Silvia, W., Wolf, K., McAllister, A., & Cassell, B. (2006) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.025 · Cited by 67
“Sperm DNA fragmentation includes both single- and double-strand DNA breaks [7].”
BackgroundMethod
Evaluating human sperm DNA integrity: relationship between 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine quantification and the sperm chromatin structure assay
Oger, I., Cruz, C. D., Panteix, G., & Ménézo, Y. (2003) · Zygote (Cambridge. Print) · doi:10.1017/s0967199403002442 · Cited by 67
“Pregnancy rates are significantly lower in men with a DFI of > 30% (Evenson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Re-visiting the Protamine-2 locus: deletion, but not haploinsufficiency, renders male mice infertile
Schneider, S., Balbach, M., Jikeli, J. F., Fietz, D., Nettersheim, D., Jostes, S., Schmidt, R., Kressin, M., Bergmann, M., Wachten, D., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36764 · Cited by 78
Effect of semen extenders on sperm parameters of ram semen during liquid storage at 4 °C
Kasimanickam, R., Kasimanickam, V., Tibary, A., & Pelzer, K. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.057 · Cited by 66
Genetic and epigenetic factors: Role in male infertility
Shamsi, M. B., Kumar, K., & Dada, R. (2011) · Indian Journal of Urology · doi:10.4103/0970-1591.78436 · Cited by 66
“The chances of live birth and conception decreases drastically when DNA fragmentation index is >30.[73] Infertile men may have sperm with normal sperm parameters, but the germ cells may harbor DNA damage, which cannot be predicted by routine semen analysis.”
Background
Preconception seminal plasma concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in relation to semen quality parameters among male partners planning for pregnancy
Smarr, M. M., Kannan, K., Sun, L., Honda, M., Wang, W., Karthikraj, R., Chen, Z., Weck, J., & Buck Louis, G. M. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.004 · Cited by 66
Pulse Doppler ultrasound as a tool for the diagnosis of chronic testicular dysfunction in stallions
Ortiz-Rodríguez, J., Anel-López, L., Martín-Muñoz, P., Alvarez, M., Gaitskell-Phillips, G., Anel, L., Rodríguez-Medina, P., Peña, F., & Ferrusola, C. O. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175878 · Cited by 65
“Increased susceptibility of DNA to denaturation (% DFI) has been associated with reduced fertility in the equine [18, 32].”
Absence of Peroxiredoxin 6 Amplifies the Effect of Oxidant Stress on Mobility and SCSA/CMA3 Defined Chromatin Quality and Impairs Fertilizing Ability of Mouse Spermatozoa1
Özkösem, B., Feinstein, S. I., Fisher, A. B., & O’Flaherty, C. (2016) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.115.137646 · Cited by 69
“Altered chromatin structure measured by the susceptibility of sperm DNA to acid-induced denaturation at sites of existing DNA strand breaks [66] was assessed with the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) [56;67-69].”
Method
Sperm DNA fragmentation index does not correlate with the sperm or embryo aneuploidy rate in recurrent miscarriage or implantation failure patients.
Bronet, F., Martínez, E., Gaytán, M., Liñán, A., Cernuda, D., Ariza, M., Nogales, M., Pacheco, A., Celestino, M., & García-Velasco, J. (2012) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/des148 · Cited by 65
“…that could be affected by the integrity of the DNA in ejaculated spermatozoa include fertilization, blastocyst development and pregnancy rates; a correlation between DNA integrity and fertilization rates has been described (Evenson et al., 1999, 2002; Virro et al., 2004; Borini et al., 2006).”
Background
Sperm content of postacrosomal WW binding protein is related to fertilization outcomes in patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology
Aarabi, M., Bałakier, H., Bashar, S., Moskovtsev, S. I., Šutovský, P., Librach, C. L., & Oko, R. J. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.05.003 · Cited by 72
Selection of normal spermatozoa with a vacuole-free head (x6300) improves selection of spermatozoa with intact DNA in patients with high sperm DNA fragmentation rates
Hammoud, I., Boitrelle, F., Ferfouri, F., Vialard, F., Bergère, M., Wainer, B., Bailly, M., Albert, M., & Selva, J. (2012) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01328.x · Cited by 67
Effect of breed and sperm concentration on the changes in structural, functional and motility parameters of ram-lamb spermatozoa during storage at 4 degrees C.
Kasimanickam, R., Kasimanickam, V., Pelzer, K., & Dascanio, J. (2007) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.09.001 · Cited by 64
Do computer-assisted, morphometric-derived sperm characteristics reflect DNA status in canine spermatozoa?
Núñez-Martínez, I., Morán, J., & Peña, F. (2005) · Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2005.00628.x · Cited by 64
No association between body mass index and sperm DNA integrity.
Bandel, I., Bungum, M., Richtoff, J., Malm, J., Axelsson, J., Pedersen, H., Ludwicki, J., Czaja, K., Hernik, A., Toft, G., et al. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dev111 · Cited by 63
“SCSA is a flow cytometric technique (Evenson et al., 2002), which measures the susceptibility of sperm DNA to acid induced DNA denaturation in situ, followed by staining with the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO).”
Method
Characterization of human sperm populations using conventional parameters, surface ubiquitination, and apoptotic markers.
Varum, S., Bento, C. F., Sousa, A., Gomes-Santos, C. S., Henriques, P., Almeida-Santos, T., Teodosio, C., Paiva, A., & Ramalho-Santos, J. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1528 · Cited by 63
Effects of Chronic Exposure to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants on the Reproductive and Thyroid System in Adult Male Rats
Ernest, S. R., Wade, M. G., Lalancette, C., Ma, Y., Berger, R. G., Robaire, B., & Hales, B. (2012) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs098 · Cited by 62
“To assess the susceptibility of sperm nuclear DNA to acid-induced denaturation, the acridine orange (AO) assay, also known as the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) (Evenson et al., 2002), was applied, as previously described (Delbes et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Assessing sperm function.
Agarwal, A., Bragais, F. M., & Sabanegh, E. (2008) · Urologic clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2008.01.012 · Cited by 62
“A cut off rate of greater than 30% was associated with a significant decrease in in vivo fertilization rates [71,75].”
Background
Is there a relationship between the chromatin status and DNA fragmentation of boar spermatozoa following freezing-thawing?
Fraser, L., & Strzeżek, J. (2007) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.05.001 · Cited by 62
“The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) determines the sensitivity of sperm DNA to acid-induced DNA denaturation, providing a measure of chromatin condensation status and DNA damage [5,7].”
Background
The Healthy Men Study: An Evaluation of Exposure to Disinfection By-Products in Tap Water and Sperm Quality
Luben, T. J., Olshan, A. F., Herring, A. H., Jeffay, S., Strader, L., Buus, R. M., Chan, R. L., Savitz, D. A., Singer, P. C., Weinberg, H. S., et al. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10120 · Cited by 61
“For the SCSA, aliquots were shipped on liquid nitrogen to SCSA Diagnostics (Brookings, SD) for analysis according to established methods (Evenson et al. 2002).”
Method
Sperm DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential combined are better for predicting natural conception than standard sperm parameters
Vončina, S. M., Golob, B., Ihan, A., Kopitar, A. N., Kolbezen, M., & Zorn, B. (2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.11.037 · Cited by 75
Sperm DNA fragmentation induced by DNAse I and hydrogen peroxide: an in vitro comparative study among different mammalian species.
Villani, P., Eleuteri, P., Grollino, M., Rescia, M., Altavista, P., Spanô, M., Pacchierotti, F., & Cordelli, E. (2010) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-10-0176 · Cited by 61
Small variations in crucial steps of TUNEL assay coupled to flow cytometry greatly affect measures of sperm DNA fragmentation.
Muratori, M., Tamburrino, L., Tocci, V., Costantino, A., Marchiani, S., Giachini, C., Laface, I., Krausz, C., Meriggiola, M., Forti, G., et al. (2010) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.109.008508 · Cited by 61
“On the contrary, SCSA is a long established and standardized technique used in combination with flow cytometry (Evenson et al, 2002; Virro et al, 2004).”
Method
Higher sperm DNA damage in semen from men with spinal cord injuries compared with controls.
Brackett, N., Ibrahim, E., Grotas, J. A., Aballa, T., & Lynne, C. (2008) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.003574 · Cited by 61
A carbohydrate-antioxidant hybrid polymer reduces oxidative damage in spermatozoa and enhances fertility
Fleming, C., Maldjian, A., da Costa, D., Rullay, A. K., Haddleton, D., John, J. S. S., Penny, P., Noble, R., Cameron, N., & Davis, B. (2005) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio730 · Cited by 61
Variability and laboratory factors affecting the sperm chromatin structure assay in human semen.
Boe-Hansen, G., Ersbøll, A., & Christensen, P. (2005) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.04056 · Cited by 61
The value of home-based collection of biospecimens in reproductive epidemiology.
Rockett, J., Buck, G., Lynch, C., & Perreault, S. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6264 · Cited by 61
“Fink et al. (2002) used this approach successfully in carrying out microarray analysis of RNA extracted from laser capture microdissection samples.”
Relationship between sperm morphology and sperm DNA dispersion
Jakubik-Uljasz, J., Gill, K., Rosiak-Gill, A., & Piasecka, M. (2020) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2020.01.31 · Cited by 60
Sperm quality variables as indicators of bull fertility may be breed dependent.
Morrell, J., Nongbua, T., Valeanu, S., Lima-Verde, I., Lundstedt-Enkel, K., Edman, A., & Johannisson, A. (2017) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.08.001 · Cited by 60
The impact of coexisting sperm DNA fragmentation and seminal oxidative stress on the outcome of varicocelectomy in infertile patients: A prospective controlled study
Abdelbaki, S. A., Sabry, J., Al-Adl, A. M., & Sabry, H. (2017) · Arab Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.aju.2017.03.002 · Cited by 60
“[24], who first described the SCSA, suggested that a threshold of 0–15% DFI% correlated to a high fertility potential, whilst 16–29% and a >30% DFI%, correlated to moderate, and low fertility potential, respectively.”
BackgroundMethod
Persistent organic pollutants and semen quality: The LIFE Study
Mumford, S. L., Kim, S., Chen, Z., Gore‐Langton, R. E., Barr, D. B., & Louis, G. M. B. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.015 · Cited by 67
Exposure to Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cis-Platinum Alters Rat Sperm Chromatin Integrity and Sperm Head Protein Profile1
Maselli, J., Hales, B., Chan, P., & Robaire, B. (2012) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.098616 · Cited by 60
“The susceptibility of sperm nuclear DNA to acid-induced denaturation was determined by the SCSA/acridine orange (AO) assay, as previously described [19].”
Method
Effects of ageing on spermatozoal chromatin and its sensitivity to in vivo and in vitro oxidative challenge in the Brown Norway rat.
Zubkova, E., & Robaire, B. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/del193 · Cited by 60
The Effects of Low‐Level Laser Light Exposure on Sperm Motion Characteristics and DNA Damage
Firestone, R., Esfandiari, N., Moskovtsev, S. I., Burstein, E., Videna, G. T., Librach, C. L., Bentov, Y., & Casper, R. F. (2012) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.111.013458 · Cited by 64
Leukocytospermia: relationship to sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity in patients evaluated for male factor infertility.
Moskovtsev, S., Willis, J., White, J., & Mullen, J. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.132 · Cited by 59
Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of vanadate: analysis of micronuclei and DNA damage induced in mice by oral exposure.
Leopardi, P., Villani, P., Cordelli, E., Siniscalchi, E., Veschetti, E., & Crebelli, R. (2005) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.02.009 · Cited by 59
RETRACTED: The influence of organophosphate and carbamate on sperm chromatin and reproductive hormones among pesticide sprayers
Jamal, F., Haque, Q. S., Singh, S., & Rastogi, S. (2016) · Toxicology and industrial health · doi:10.1177/0748233714568175 · Cited by 58
“The integrity of sperm DNA was analyzed with ethanol-fixed specimens by flow cytometry using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) (Evenson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Retracted
Sperm chromatin integrity in DDT-exposed young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.
de Jager, C., Aneck-Hahn, N., Bornman, M., Farías, P., Leter, G., Eleuteri, P., Rescia, M., & Spanô, M. (2009) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dep249 · Cited by 58
“In the present study, we have applied the SCSA method (Evenson et al., 2002; Perreault et al., 2003), which measures by flow cytometry (FCM) the susceptibility of sperm nuclear DNA to denaturation in situ followed by Acridine Orange (AO) staining (Evenson et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A novel approach for the selection of human sperm using annexin V-binding and flow cytometry.
Hoogendijk, C., Kruger, T. F., Bouic, P., & Henkel, R. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.042 · Cited by 58
Chromatin-unstable boar spermatozoa have little chance of reaching oocytes in vivo.
Ardón, F., Helms, D., Şahin, E., Bollwein, H., Topfer-Petersen, E., & Waberski, D. (2008) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-07-0333 · Cited by 58
“Chromatin instability as detected with the SCSA may only show the ‘tip of the iceberg’ of a population of immature spermatozoa (Evenson et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations of sperm DNA fragmentation with lifestyle factors and semen parameters of Saudi men and its impact on ICSI outcome
Omrani, B. A., Aleisa, N. A., Javed, M., Ghedan, M. A., Al-Matrafi, H., & Sufyan, H. A. (2018) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0369-3 · Cited by 57
Urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate relation to sperm motility, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis in polyvinyl chloride workers
Huang, L.-P., Lee, C.-C., Fan, J.-P., Kuo, P., Shih, T., & Hsu, P. (2013) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0905-6 · Cited by 54
“The most frequently used test systems are the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay (Gorczyca et al. 1993) and the sperm chromatin DNA structure assay (SCSA) (Evenson et al. 2002).”
MethodInfluential
Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Consequences for Reproduction
Simon, L., Emery, B. R., & Carrell, D. T. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_6 · Cited by 81
Evaluation of male fertility potential by Toluidine Blue test for sperm chromatin structure assessment.
Tsarev, I., Bungum, M., Giwercman, A., Erenpreisa, J., Ebessen, T., Ernst, E., & Ērenpreiss, J. (2009) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dep068 · Cited by 56
“Sperm chromatin structure assay The SCSA was applied following the procedure described elsewhere (Evenson et al., 2002; Erenpreiss et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Comparison of the Halosperm test kit with the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) infertility test in relation to patient diagnosis and prognosis.
Evenson, D., & Wixon, R. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.009 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
The impact of testicular carcinoma and its treatment on sperm DNA integrity
Ståhl, O., Eberhard, J., Jepson, K., Spanô, M., Cwikiel, M., Cavallin-ståhl, E., & Giwercman, A. (2004) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20068 · Cited by 56
“DFI expresses the percentage of cells containing denatured DNA.19 Five thousand cells were analyzed by FACSort (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).”
MethodInfluential
Lifestyle and demographic factors associated with human semen quality and sperm function
Shi, X., Chan, C. P. S., Waters, T. H. B., Chi, L., Chan, D. Y., & Li, T. C. (2018) · Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1080/19396368.2018.1491074 · Cited by 55
“Sperm DNA fragmentation was measured according to conventional sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) as described by Evenson et al. (2002).”
Method
Ambient air pollution and semen quality
Nobles, C., Schisterman, E., Ha, S., Kim, K., Mumford, S., Louis, G. B. B., Chen, Z., Liu, D.-P., Sherman, S., & Mendola, P. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.004 · Cited by 55
“%) and high DNA stainability (%), were assessed using the sperm chromatin stability assay following methods of Evenson et al. (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Sperm chromatin structure correlates with spontaneous abortion and multiple pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction.
Kennedy, C., Ahlering, P., Rodriguez, H., Levy, S., & Sutovsky, P. (2011) · Reproductive Biomedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.11.020 · Cited by 55
“The DFI and HDS parameters are more repeatable than conventional, subjectively evaluated semen parameters such as sperm count, morphology and motility (Evenson and Wixon, 2006; Evenson et al., 2002; Virro et al., 2004).”
Background
Diagnostic Methods for Evaluation of Stallion Subfertility: A Review
Ball, B. (2008) · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2008.10.003 · Cited by 55
Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length as a modifier of the association between persistent organohalogen pollutant exposure markers and semen characteristics
Giwercman, A., Rylander, L., Rignell-Hydbom, A., Jönsson, B., Pedersen, H., Ludwicki, J., Lesovoy, V., Zvyezday, V., Spanô, M., Manicardi, G., et al. (2007) · Pharmacogenetics & Genomics · doi:10.1097/01.fpc.0000236329.26551.78 · Cited by 55
Viability and DNA fragmentation in differently sorted boar spermatozoa.
de Ambrogi, M., Spinaci, M., Galeati, G., & Tamanini, C. (2006) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.05.017 · Cited by 55
“Differences among species are rather evident: the threshold for considering human sperm quality low or unsuitable for assisted reproduction is 30% of DFI using SCSA [18].”
Background
Flow cytometry applications in the evaluation of sperm quality: semen analysis, sperm function and DNA integrity.
Cordelli, E., Eleuteri, P., Leter, G., Rescia, M., & Spanô, M. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.03.004 · Cited by 55
Should ICSI be the treatment of choice for all cases of in-vitro conception? No, not in light of the scientific data.
Oehninger, S., & Gosden, R. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.9.2237 · Cited by 55
Investigating the effects of dietary folic acid on sperm count, DNA damage and mutation in Balb/c mice
Swayne, B. G., Kawata, A., Behan, N. A., Williams, A., Wade, M. G., MacFarlane, A. J., & Yauk, C. L. (2012) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.07.002 · Cited by 56
Detection of DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa: correlation with semen parameters
Mehdi, M., Khantouche, L., Ajina, M., & Saad, A. (2009) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00953.x · Cited by 54
“The chances of conception decrease drastically when DNA fragmentation index (DFI) is >30 per cent (Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
Seminal plasma albumin: origin and relation to the male reproductive parameters
Elzanaty, S., Erenpreiss, J., & Becker, C. (2007) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00764.x · Cited by 54
“The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) was applied following the procedure described earlier, using staining with acridine orange (AO) (Evenson et al., 2002; Erenpreiss et al., 2004).”
Method
DNA integrity tests in clinical practice: it is not a simple matter of black and white (or red and green).
Makhlouf, A., & Niederberger, C. (2006) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.05217 · Cited by 54
Alterations of sperm DNA integrity during cryopreservation procedure and in vitro incubation of bull semen.
Waterhouse, K., Gjeldnes, A., Tverdal, A., de Angelis, P., Farstad, W., Håård, M., & Kommisrud, E. (2010) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.04.011 · Cited by 54
“A detailed description of the procedure was given previously (Evenson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Inter‐ and intra‐laboratory standardization of TUNEL assay for assessment of sperm DNA fragmentation
Ribeiro, S. C., Sharma, R. K., Gupta, S., Çakar, Z., de Geyter, C., & Agarwal, A. (2017) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12334 · Cited by 53
“It measures all existing single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks including those with 3-OH breaks (Evenson et al., 2002; Virro et al., 2004; Bungum et al., 2007; Ribas-Maynou et al., 2013; Evenson, 2016).”
Background
Sperm DNA damage—the effect of stress and everyday life factors
Radwan, M., Jurewicz, J., Merecz‐Kot, D., Sobala, W., Radwan, P., Bochenek, M., & Hanke, W. (2016) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/ijir.2016.15 · Cited by 57
The effect of bacterial contamination of semen on sperm chromatin integrity and standard semen parameters in men from infertile couples
Rybář, R., Přinosilová, P., Kopecká, V., Hlavicová, J., Veznik, Z., Zajĩcovã, A., & Rubes, J. (2012) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01198.x · Cited by 53
“However, the latter fails to objectively evaluate the functional integrity of the highly specialised sperm cells (Zini et al., 2001; Evenson et al., 2002).”
Background
Intra-individual variation of the sperm chromatin structure assay DNA fragmentation index in men from infertile couples.
Oleszczuk, K., Giwercman, A., & Bungum, M. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der328 · Cited by 53
“In contrast, previous studies on men who had a DFI of 10% have shown a high level of repeatability (Evenson et al., 1991, 2002).”
Result
Dynamics of sperm DNA damage in fresh versus frozen–thawed and gradient processed ejaculates in human donors
Gosálvez, J., Nuñez, R., Fernández, J., López-Fernández, C., & Caballero, P. (2011) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01022.x · Cited by 53
“However, the relationship between the frequency of sperm cells with fragmented DNA and these parameters is not so obvious and varies among the different studies (Evenson et al., 2002; Payne et al., 2005; Makhlouf & Niederberger, 2006; Muriel et al., 2006; Collins et al., 2008; Velez de la Calle et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Factors affecting pregnancy outcome of intrauterine insemination cycles in couples with favourable female characteristics
Demir, B., Dilbaz, B., Cinar, O., Karadağ, B., Taşçı, Y., Koçak, M., Dilbaz, S., & Goktolga, U. (2011) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research · doi:10.3109/01443615.2011.569780 · Cited by 53
“Sperm DNA fragmentation increased with age including the potential effects of oxidative stress and aberrant apoptosis (Evenson and Wixon 2006; Evenson et al. 2002; Duran et al. 2002).”
Background

Authors: EVENSON, D. P., LARSON, K. L., & JOST, L. K.
Affiliations: South Dakota State University (US)
Corresponding author: EVENSON, DONALD P.
ORCID: EVENSON, DONALD P.
Venue: Journal of Andrology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-01-02
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-43
ISSN: 0196-3635 (ISSN-L)
1939-4640
DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02599.x
OpenAlex: W1532901402
Cited by: 1,072
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 38.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4018 d)
Locations: Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9452894, 9720642)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Male Reproductive Health Studies
Keywords: sperm chromatin structure assay, sperm DNA fragmentation, male infertility, testicular cancer
MeSH terms: Chromatin, Humans, Infertility, Male, Male, Spermatozoa, DNA Fragmentation

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Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay: Its Clinical Use for Detecting Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Male Infertility and Comparisons With Other Techniques

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